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解读《NCCN 腹膜后软组织肉瘤临床实践指南》

2012-03-06 MedSci MedSci原创

张彦斌 主治医师,长期从事普通外科工作,专长为胃肠道肿瘤、腹膜后肿瘤和各种肛肠外科常见病的诊断、外科手术及综合治疗。   腹膜后肿瘤多为软组织肉瘤,占全身软组织肉瘤的10%~20%。目前,软组织肉瘤患者的临床评价及治疗仍是临床医生面临的一个挑战。然而,自20 世纪80 年代初起,经多专业的综合治疗,软组织肉瘤的疗效已得到大大提高。由美国21 家顶级癌症中心联合发起和制定的《美国国立综合癌症网络(

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张彦斌 主治医师,长期从事普通外科工作,专长为胃肠道肿瘤、腹膜后肿瘤和各种肛肠外科常见病的诊断、外科手术及综合治疗。

  腹膜后肿瘤多为软组织肉瘤,占全身软组织肉瘤的10%~20%。目前,软组织肉瘤患者的临床评价及治疗仍是临床医生面临的一个挑战。然而,自20 世纪80 年代初起,经多专业的综合治疗,软组织肉瘤的疗效已得到大大提高。由美国21 家顶级癌症中心联合发起和制定的《美国国立综合癌症网络(NCCN)肿瘤学临床实践指南》每年均根据新的循证医学证据进行修订更新,在我国临床肿瘤学界获得广泛认同和应用。2011 版《NCCN 软组织肿瘤临床实践指南》(以下简称《指南》)已发布了更新后的第2 版,本文就《指南》中腹膜后软组织肉瘤治疗的相关内容略作解读。

  解读1:临床评价和检查

  《指南》推荐,腹膜后软组织肉瘤患者均应该通过多学科专家会诊接受治疗。治疗方案的确定依赖于多学科的评价和检查,包括详细的病史和查体、适当的影像学检查[腹部和盆腔增强CT和(或)磁共振成像(MRI)]。患者是否需要活检仍然存在争议,《指南》推荐只有在准备进行术前治疗时才考虑活检(2B 类),建议行CT 引导下粗针穿刺活检。活检的目的是为了避免切除一些不宜手术的肿瘤,如腹腔内淋巴瘤和干细胞肿瘤。如果因为其他原因进行腹腔镜检查时意外发现腹膜后肉瘤,可以先行粗针活检以明确肿瘤的组织学类型和分化程度,然后再选择合适的切除方式。

  解读2:外科手术

  腹膜后软组织肉瘤绝大多数为低度恶性,生长缓慢,远处转移较晚,故多数适于接受外科手术治疗。术后切缘状态是影响长期无病生存(DFS)的最重要因素。一项单中心试验(500 例)显示,完全切除者(肉眼切缘阴性)的中位生存时间为103 个月,而未完全切除者的中位生存时间仅为18 个月。将手术切除(肉眼切缘阴性)作为腹膜后软组织肉瘤的标准治疗已成为最新版指南达成的共识。因此,外科医师与病理医师在临床实践中合作,对手术切除标本切缘进行准确评估具有重要意义。如果最终的病理结果提示切缘阳性(骨、神经、主干血管除外),只要不会带来明显的功能障碍,都强烈建议再次行手术切除,以获得阴性切缘。最近的两项回顾性分析认为,更积极的手术方式(如间室切除和联合脏器切除)能够提高腹膜后肿瘤的局部控制率。虽然这个结果很让人满意,但是这些手术方式的效果还需要前瞻性临床研究来进行验证。

  解读3:放疗

  虽然腹膜后肿瘤的最有效治疗方法是手术切除,但术后复发率较高,尤其是对于软组织切缘小或临近骨、重要血管神经的切缘阳性(镜下)的患者。借助放疗有望减少复发、提高肿瘤的局部控制率,进而提高患者生存率,改善其预后。然而目前还没有关于腹膜后软组织肿瘤辅助放疗的随机试验。两项前瞻性研究的长期随访结果表明,通过术前放疗和手术达到R0 或R1 切除的中高级别腹膜后肉瘤能够获得满意的5 年局部无复发生存(RFS)率(60%)、DFS 率(46%)和总生存(OS)率(61%)。回顾性研究显示,术后辅助放疗(XRT)虽然不能改善患者OS,但是能改善RFS。对于原发腹膜后软组织肿瘤和低级别肉瘤,联合应用术前XRT和术后近距离照射能够显著改善患者DFS和OS。许多医师更喜欢采用术前放疗,因为原发肿瘤能导致腹腔脏器的移位,将其挤出照射野。而且,不可切除的肿瘤通过放疗后可能转变为可切除。

  有研究证明,术中放疗(IORT)±XRT治疗腹膜后软组织肉瘤能够获得满意的疗效。在纽约纪念斯隆-凯特林癌症中心(MSKCC),所有患者接受最大程度的切除和高剂量率IORT(HDR-IORT)。结果显示,低级别肿瘤患者原发肿瘤的局部控制率要显著优于复发者(74%对54%),而总的无转移生存率要显著优于高级别肿瘤(100%对70%)。另一项试验的长期随访结果也证实了术中电子束放疗(IOERT)的作用:IOERT 组的OS 率(分别为74%和30%)和局部控制率(分别为83%和61%)均优于单纯整块切除组。术前同步放化疗+ 手术+IOERT 的可行性和安全性也在一项Ⅰ期临床试验中得到了验证。

  对于未接受术前放疗且临近重要脏器的软组织肿瘤,一些新技术支持(IMRT,3D 适形质子放疗,适形调强质子放疗)的术后放疗可以获得良好的肿瘤覆盖,而且相关的临床副作用也可接受。辅助放疗新技术的毒性和治疗效果还需要多中心随机对照试验来检验。

  解读4:可切除肿瘤的处理

  原发性腹膜后肉瘤能达到完全手术切除者不到70%,因为其通常邻近腹腔的重要结构。局部复发和肿瘤进展仍是大部分肿瘤致死的重要原因。因为腹膜后肉瘤很难达到阴性切缘而且局部复发率很高,所以通常采取多模式治疗。术前化疗的效果可能要优于术后化疗,但是目前还没有比较术前化疗与术后化疗的随机临床试验,联合放化疗的资料也很少。辅助或新辅助化疗/放疗的效果还有待进一步的临床研究验证。

  手术是腹膜后软组织肿瘤的标准治疗,如果肿瘤可切除,且有活检诊断可以采用单纯手术作为初始治疗,也可以行术前放疗/术前化疗+ 手术±IORT 治疗。如果未进行活检或活检后仍不能明确诊断,则应该将手术±IORT 作为初始治疗。术后的治疗方式取决于手术结果和术后的病理结果。对高级别且切缘阴性或镜下切缘阳性(R1 切除)者,可进行术后放疗(2B 类)。对于接受R0 切除的低级别肉瘤,如果肿瘤巨大、切缘小或复发风险高,可考虑行术后放疗。对肉眼切缘阳性(R2切除)肿瘤的处理同不可切除肿瘤。

  解读5:不可切除或Ⅳ期肿瘤的处理

  不可切除腹膜后软组织肿瘤是指累及重要血管或是切除后将带来无法接受的并发症的肿瘤。对于不可切除或已转移的腹膜后肉瘤,《指南》建议在进行任何治疗前先取活检。可以先通过化疗或放疗降低肿瘤分期,然后再进行手术切除。对无症状者可以观察;对有症状者,可以选择控制症状的姑息手术和支持治疗。对于Ⅳ期肿瘤,只要转移病灶可切除,均应考虑手术切除。

  经过术前化疗或放疗后,如果肿瘤可切除,则按照可切除肿瘤进行处理。如果病情进展或肿瘤并没有降期,则应该根据是否有症状决定进一步的治疗。对无症状者可以观察,对有症状者的治疗同不可切除或转移性肿瘤的治疗。

  解读6:术后随访检测

  易复发是腹膜后软组织肉瘤的一个重要特征。对复发性肿瘤早期发现及早期手术治疗,对于减轻手术创伤、降低手术难度及相关并发症的发生、改善患者生活质量及生存预后具有重要意义。《指南》推荐对于低级别的肉瘤,术后2~3年内每3~6 个月复查体格检查及影像学检查(胸部/腹部/盆腔CT),之后每年1次;对于高级别肉瘤的监测应该更加频繁,术后2~3 年内每3~6 个月复查体格检查及影像学检查( 胸部/腹部/盆腔CT),接着2 年内每6 个月复查,之后每年复查。

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    2012-03-08 qilu_qi
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    2012-03-08 xuyong530

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