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OCC 2020:李晓东教授解析急性心梗合并心源性休克的诊断和治疗

2020-06-02 网络 网络

中国医科大学附属盛京医院 李晓东教授

中国医科大学附属盛京医院 李晓东教授

心源性休克是指由于心脏功能极度减退,导致心输出量显著减少并引起严重的急性周围循环衰竭的一组综合征。心源性休克是心泵衰竭的极期表现,由于心脏排血功能衰竭,不能维持其最低限度的心输出量而导致血压下降,重要脏器和组织供血严重不足,引起全身微循环功能障碍,从而出现一系列以缺血、缺氧、代谢障碍及重要脏器损害为特征的病理生理过程。本病死亡率极高,国内报道为70%~100%,及时、有效的综合抢救可增加患者生存率。China-Peace研究显示,STEMI患者心源性休克发生率逐年升高,值得临床医生予以关注

心源性休克的病因

心源性休克可分为湿冷型、干冷型、暖湿型及血压正常型,其共同的病理生理特点包括:底心脏指数(CI),但毛细血管楔压(PCWP)或中心静脉压不尽相同。其病因一般有以下几种:

①心肌病变导致心肌收缩力极度降低:包括大面积心肌梗死、急性暴发性心肌炎(病毒性、白喉性以及少数风湿性心肌炎等)、原发性及继发性心肌病(前者包括扩张型、限制型及肥厚型心肌病晚期;后者包括各种感染、甲状腺毒症、甲状腺功能减退引起的心肌病)、家族性贮积疾病及浸润(血色病、糖原贮积病、黏多糖体病、淀粉样变、结缔组织病)、家族遗传性疾病(肌营养不良、遗传性共济失调)、药物性和毒性过敏性反应(放射治疗及阿霉素、酒精、奎尼丁、锑剂、依米丁等所致心肌损害)、心肌抑制因素(严重缺氧、酸中毒、药物、感染毒素)、药物(钙通道阻滞药β受体阻滞药等)、心瓣膜病晚期、严重心律失常(心室扑动或颤动)以及各种心脏病的终末期表现。

②心脏结构改变:AMI合并机械并发症、心室流出道梗阻、瓣膜关闭不全、受损或阻塞、先天性心脏病、肺栓塞、人工瓣膜阻塞、关闭不全或受损

③电生理因素:房性或室性快速性心律失常

④心包疾病:急性心包填塞,大量心包积液、心包缩窄

心源性休克的治疗主要包括:再灌注治疗、经皮机械辅助治疗以及血管活性药物应用几大方面。
再灌注治疗:时间最重要

多项研究表明,对于心源性休克患者,再灌注实施的时间越早,住院死亡率越低;此外,同时干预多支血管的6个月生存率优于仅干预梗死相关动脉。《心源性休克诊断和治疗中国专家共识(2018)》对心源性休克的治疗建议为:

①对急性冠脉综合征所致心源性休克,应尽快启动血运重建治疗;

②对于急性冠脉综合征多支血管病变的心源性休克患者,不建议常规同台完全血运重建;

③及时诊断,积极纠正导致心源性休克的其他原因。

经皮机械辅助治疗

主要包括IABP、ECMO、Impella、Tandem Heart等。《心源性休克诊断和治疗中国专家共识(2018)》建议:

①血流动力学不稳定心源性休克患者应考虑尽快置入机械辅助装置;

②无ECMO和LVAD条件,应尽快置入IABP,强调早期置入和使用足够的时间;

③鉴于ECMO增加心输出量优于IABP,有条件的意义应考虑置入V-A模式ECMO,或与IABP合用;

④有条件的意义可以考虑置入LVAD。

建议根据心源性休克类型选择初始血管活性药物

《心源性休克诊断和治疗中国专家共识(2018)》建议:

①尽快应用血管活性药物(常用多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素)维持血流动力学稳定;

②如果收缩压尚维持于80~90 mmHg,可考虑先加用正性肌力药物,如多巴胺;

③如果已经出现严重低血压(收缩压<80 mmHg),需要在提高心排量的同时,进一步收缩血管提升血压,可首选去甲肾上腺素,或联合应用多巴胺;

④较大剂量单药无法维持血压时,建议尽快联合应用,注意监测药物副作用。 

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    2021-03-13 hongbochen
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    2020-06-01 zhaojie88
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    2020-06-01 hmwwww
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    2020-06-01 mhm295

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