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四问四答,读懂狼疮性肾炎

2018-07-11 狼疮性肾炎 郑州大学第一附属医院肾脏病医院

系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)是一种自身免疫性疾病,常累及全身多个系统,肾脏是系统性红斑狼疮最常见的受累器官,约70%的患者具有不同程度的肾损害。

系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)是一种自身免疫性疾病,常累及全身多个系统,肾脏是系统性红斑狼疮最常见的受累器官,约70%的患者具有不同程度的肾损害。

SLE患者为什么会发生狼疮性肾炎?

SLE的发生是因为自身免疫力的紊乱,正常人的免疫力就像健康卫士,当有细菌、病毒等“外敌”入侵,身体就会立刻警报,机体免疫力就会被动员起来,把“外敌”消灭。当免疫系统产生了致病性T细胞、B细胞,免疫细胞异常活化、增殖,产生了多种炎症介质、细胞因子和自身抗体,这些自身抗体“敌我不分”,开始攻击人体正常的组织器官,攻击人体的皮肤、关节、脏器,于是狼疮性肾炎就发生了。

狼疮性肾炎都有哪些类型?

临床上狼疮性肾炎主要分为四类,不同类型的狼疮性肾炎,治疗方法也存在很大差异。

1. 轻度损害型:除尿常规异常外,其他表现不明显,多表现为轻-中度蛋白尿和(或)镜下血尿,尿中白细胞也常增多。

2. 肾病综合征型: 临床上呈典型的肾病综合征表现,大多伴有中等程度以上的肾功能损害,常有贫血、高脂血症,但高胆固醇血症一般较轻。尿常规和一般肾病综合征相似,但红细胞显着增多,内生肌酐清除率普遍降低。

3. 慢性肾炎综合征型:表现为持续性蛋白尿、血尿、管型尿和不同程度的水肿、高血压、贫血和肾功能减退,不少病例在肾功能接近衰竭时蛋白尿、血尿仍明显。

4. 急进型:病情发展迅速,肾功能很快恶化,尿蛋白、红细胞管型增多,常伴发热及其他红斑狼疮活动表现。常在短期内进入肾功能衰竭期。

狼疮性肾炎如何治疗?

过去,谈起狼疮患者除了绝望,就是对疾病的恐惧。但现在,医学科技的发展使得难治性疾病有了治愈的可能。临床治疗模式也从过去的“以治疗方案为中心”逐渐转化为“以缓解疾病为中心”。常用的治疗狼疮性肾炎的药物有:

激素:基础用药,主要是抗炎作用,缓解疾病。

羟氯喹:SLE的全程用药,但需预防副作用。

环磷酰胺:治疗狼疮性肾炎的经典药物,多用于诱导期治疗,一般主张在糖皮质激素基础上使用,多采用大剂量静脉间歇冲击疗法。

来氟米特:可用于轻中度SLE、CTX诱导治疗后续的免疫抑制剂。

硫唑嘌呤:一种非特异性免疫抑制剂,为狼疮性肾炎患者缓解维持治疗的有效药物。

吗替麦考酚酯:已在诱导期和维持期的免疫抑制治疗中被持续地使用,吗替麦考酚酯与静脉应用环磷酰胺诱导治疗的应答率相似,小剂量糖皮质激素联合吗替麦考酚酯是最常用的维持免疫抑制方案,已经成为狼疮性肾炎治疗的一线方案。

钙调磷酸酶抑制剂:环孢素和他克莫司具有独立于免疫抑制特性之外的降蛋白尿作用,在联合糖皮质激素的情况下环孢霉素 A作为诱导-维持治疗与 环磷酰胺同样有效,且他克莫司耐受性要优于环磷酰胺。

生物制剂:与传统治疗药物相比,起效快,能针对狼疮肾炎的发病机制进行靶向治疗,利妥昔单抗、贝利木单抗等生物制剂可有效治疗狼疮性肾炎。对难治性和传统治疗无效的LN患者,生物制剂是一个新的选择。

干细胞移植治疗:难治性狼疮性肾炎的一种选择方案。

狼疮性肾炎患者日常注意事项都有哪些?

1. 狼疮性肾炎患者应保持良好的生活习惯,不抽烟,不喝酒,避免日光照射,外出时戴太阳镜,穿防晒衣服;保证充足的睡眠,缓解压力。

2. 了解疾病复发的征兆,比如疲劳、疼痛、皮损,及时采取措施预防红斑狼疮。

3. 病情缓解期应适当运动,有助于增强自身免疫力。

4. 调整饮食,以清淡为主。避免食用可能引起光过敏的食物(如芹菜、无花果、芫茜、蘑菇等)。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1387281, encodeId=20ce138e28132, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8a3a6814425' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#狼疮#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68144, encryptionId=8a3a6814425, topicName=狼疮)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7a6e2500005, createdName=sunrural_42825357, createdTime=Fri Jul 13 12:08:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1532254, encodeId=943b153225484, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=10b5825e4aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82574, encryptionId=10b5825e4aa, topicName=肾炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=84df12331144, createdName=villahu, createdTime=Fri Jul 13 12:08:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330987, encodeId=790433098e53, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Thu Jul 12 05:57:40 CST 2018, time=2018-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330904, encodeId=19a6330904d7, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Wed Jul 11 21:47:21 CST 2018, time=2018-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330893, encodeId=b36133089369, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Wed Jul 11 21:31:19 CST 2018, time=2018-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330886, encodeId=f7d333088607, content=学习了!!!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Wed Jul 11 21:16:37 CST 2018, time=2018-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-13 villahu
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1387281, encodeId=20ce138e28132, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8a3a6814425' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#狼疮#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68144, encryptionId=8a3a6814425, topicName=狼疮)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7a6e2500005, createdName=sunrural_42825357, createdTime=Fri Jul 13 12:08:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1532254, encodeId=943b153225484, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=10b5825e4aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82574, encryptionId=10b5825e4aa, topicName=肾炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=84df12331144, createdName=villahu, createdTime=Fri Jul 13 12:08:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330987, encodeId=790433098e53, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Thu Jul 12 05:57:40 CST 2018, time=2018-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330904, encodeId=19a6330904d7, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Wed Jul 11 21:47:21 CST 2018, time=2018-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330893, encodeId=b36133089369, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Wed Jul 11 21:31:19 CST 2018, time=2018-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330886, encodeId=f7d333088607, content=学习了!!!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Wed Jul 11 21:16:37 CST 2018, time=2018-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-12 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-07-11 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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    2018-07-11 天地飞扬

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

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    2018-07-11 zb1235672

    学习了!!!!!

    0

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