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经口内镜下肌切开术中持续高气道压纵隔气肿一例

2019-03-19 石海霞 于建设 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,男,27岁,172 cm,88kg,ASAⅠ级,以“吞咽困难2年,进行性加重10d”入院,诊断为“贲门失弛缓症”,拟左侧卧位全麻下行经口内镜下肌切开术(peroral endoscopic myotomy,POEM)。患者现病史及既往史无特殊,无吸烟、饮酒嗜好,心、肺功能良好,术前化验检查及辅助检查无明显异常。

患者,男,27岁,172 cm,88kg,ASAⅠ级,以“吞咽困难2年,进行性加重10d”入院,诊断为“贲门失弛缓症”,拟左侧卧位全麻下行经口内镜下肌切开术(peroral endoscopic myotomy,POEM)。患者现病史及既往史无特殊,无吸烟、饮酒嗜好,心、肺功能良好,术前化验检查及辅助检查无明显异常。
 
入室监测生命体征,无创血压120/75mmHg,HR77次/分,SpO2 91%。常规给氧去氮5min,依次予以舒芬太尼30μg、丙泊酚150mg、罗库溴铵50mg静脉麻醉诱导,2min后行气管插管顺利,无明显气管插管反应,气道压16mmHg。术中静脉泵注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼维持麻醉,维持PETCO2在35~45mmHg。手术顺利进行到80min,此时黏膜下隧道已建立,食管环形肌切开后气道压突然升高至41mmHg,随后1minSpO2迅速下降到67%,PETCO2、HR无明显变化,暂停手术。
 
听诊双肺呼吸音遥远,吸痰气管导管通畅,无分泌物。手控呼吸通气阻力大,加压高流量通气,予以甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠80mg、氨茶碱0.25g解痉、平喘,SpO2仍无上升趋势。3min后血压下降至72/46mmHg,紧急行桡动脉穿刺监测有创动脉压并行血气分析:pH7.30、PaCO251mmHg、PaO2 36mmHg、BE-2.0mmol/L、Lac1.7mmol/L。予以手控机械通气,同时肾上腺素2μg静注,且紧急改平卧位、头高脚低位,血压回升至115/66mmHg。
 
纤维支气管镜检查气道通畅,腹部明显膨隆,触诊颈部、胸部有明显握雪感,平卧位手控通气后SpO2仍无上升趋势,SpO2 65%~70%,头部戴冰帽行脑保护,考虑黏膜层切口持续开放进气,迅速改为左侧卧位,行金属夹关闭黏膜层切口,约10min后手术结束,充分吸引肠道内气体,并留置管,改为平卧头高脚低位,继续加压给氧,SpO2维持在70%~75%。追加甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠0.5g,加深麻醉,行经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)检查,心脏结构及功能无明显异常。
 
复查血气,除PaO2 42mmHg外,其余酸碱离子无明显异常。皮下气肿无改善,术中C臂机检查示肠腔严重充气扩张,膈肌严重向上膨隆,纵隔气肿。停药27min后患者自主呼吸恢复,但呼吸不协调,遂静脉追加肌松药罗库溴铵30mg行机械通气,继续泵注丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼维持麻醉1h,期间SpO2渐上升至80%~92%,气道压下降至35~37mmHg。维持麻醉1h再次停药后40min患者苏醒,潮气量、呼吸频率正常,生命体征平稳,PaO2 65mmHg,拔除气管导管后自述胸腹部憋胀,观察1h后无特殊情况安返病房。术后随访7d,期间患者生命体征平稳,颈部、胸部皮下气肿轻度缓解。
 
讨论
 
POEM属于微创手术,通过内镜下贲门环形肌层切开,无皮肤切口,最大限度地恢复食管生理功能并减少手术并发症,患者术后早期即可进食,95%的患者术后吞咽困难能得到缓解,且反流性食管炎发生率低,目前临床上POEM广泛用于治疗贲门失弛缓症。POEM的主要并发症包括黏膜层损伤甚至穿孔、皮下气肿、气胸、气腹和纵隔气肿。上述症状一般无需特殊处理,金属夹夹闭后可自行消退。术中若发生严重气胸,予胸腔闭式引流后,常可继续手术。对于术中有明显气腹者,可用14G穿刺针于右下腹麦氏点穿刺放气。
 
纵膈气肿如对心肺功能无严重影响,一般不做特殊处理。由于体内CO2较空气弥散和吸收快,患者肌层切开后,气体可通过破口进入纵隔,同时经过胸骨上凹迅速扩散至头颈部、胸壁皮下组织,引起纵隔气肿、皮下气肿。本例患者由于体型肥胖,气腹后膈肌严重上抬,明显挤压心脏,影响心脏射血,导致血压下降。同时,在纵隔气肿、皮下气肿及膈肌上移的作用下,肺舒张功能严重受限,影响通气功能,导致通气/血流比严重失调,引起SpO2迅速下降。患者术中持续低血氧3h,术后转归未出现严重并发症,考虑患者年轻代偿能力好。
 
内镜手术治疗常以CO2为介质,一旦发生气肿、气胸或气腹,气体可很快被吸收。POEM手术围术期应高度警惕内镜微创手术的潜在风险,注意皮下气肿、纵隔气肿、气胸、气腹的发生,加强术中气道压、血气监测,同时注意按压患者软组织处是否有握雪感等。如若出现以上并发症,应及时告知外科医师并停止手术,查找原因,及时封闭切口,充分吸引尚未吸收的气体,采取头高脚低位,充分加压给氧,必要时穿刺排气,保证有效通气,确保患者安全。
 
原始出处:

石海霞,于建设.经口内镜下肌切开术中持续高气道压纵隔气肿一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2018,34(02):207-208.

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