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胰岛素怎么调?这份技巧请收好!

2022-02-15 院前急救联盟 院前急救联盟

胰岛素是一柄双刃剑,是降糖利器,只有使用得当,才能战胜敌人(高血糖),而不误伤自己(低血糖)。「调血糖」是一大学问,不会合理地计算胰岛素的剂量,不会灵活应用,不仅无法充分控制血糖,还随时有低血糖风险。

胰岛素剂量怎么调?记住这9个方法!

初次用胰岛素如何计算日用量

空腹血糖(mmol/L×1.8

体重(公斤)×0.30.5

注:上述计算为一天的用量(单位)

胰岛素的日用量如何分配

1.初次用胰岛素的病人,每天注射3次胰岛素,适用于按「日量除以3,中减2加早」的方法分配。

例如:日用短效胰岛素30单位,除以3等于10单位,中午减2单位,加在早上用,即早上12单位,中午8单位,晚上10单位。待血糖达标后,改用预混胰岛素,早晚餐前两次注射。

2.
每天注射2次预混胰岛素:早餐前2/3,晚餐前1/3

3.
每天注射一次中效或长效胰岛素,白天3餐前口服降糖药,睡前按每公斤体重0.2单位计算。

胰岛素用量如何按血糖高低进行调节

1.空腹血糖调节法:

由于血糖不能达标或出现低血糖,此时的胰岛素用量应根据空腹血糖调节,如果空腹血糖已调节在5.07.0mol/L时,可不增不减;空腹血糖在3.05.0mmol/L时,胰岛素应减少23单位或改在餐后注射;空腹血糖>7.0mmol/L,每增高1.4mmol/L加胰岛素1单位。

2.
餐后血糖调节法:

餐后2小时血糖高于10.0mmol/L后,每增高2.0mmol/L加胰岛素1单位,但一次加量不超过4单位。酮症酸中毒静脉用胰岛素时,血糖下降的速度每小时不可超过5.6mmol/L,否则易引发脑水肿。

调节胰岛素用量顺口溜

为了便于记忆,将调节胰岛素用量的办法编成顺口溜:

56不过778不离10。空1加点7,后高21。饮食要定量,3天一对比。」

56不过778不离10」指的是:患者应将空腹血糖水平控制在56毫摩尔/升之间,不能超过7毫摩尔/升,将餐后2小时血糖控制在78毫摩尔/升之间,不能超过10毫摩尔/升。

「空1加点7,后高21」指的是:患者的空腹血糖以7毫摩尔/升为准,每升高1毫摩尔/升可加用胰岛素0.7个单位,餐后2小时血糖每升高2毫摩尔/升可加用胰岛素1个单位。

「饮食要定量,3天一对比」指的是:患者要控制饮食,并每隔3天检查一次空腹血糖和餐后2小时血糖,然后根据检查的结果调节胰岛素的用量。

发烧或月经期胰岛素用量如何调节

不论何种原因发烧,体温超过38°C者,应在原胰岛素用量基础上增加20%。妇女每次行经前或妊娠末期3个月,胰岛素用量需在医生的指导下适量增加。

胰岛素品种或剂型改变时用量如何调节

动物胰岛素改用人胰岛素时,用量减少20%,人胰岛素改用动物胰岛素时应增加20%

凌晨高血糖胰岛素用量如何调节

对于空腹血糖高的患者,要区分空腹血糖高究竟是苏木吉反应还是黎明现象?睡前用了中效胰岛素,而清晨血糖>8.0mmol/L,可测一次凌晨3点血糖,若≥4.0mmol/L,则称「黎明现象」,表明胰岛素不足,需增加用量。若<4.0mmoIL,称「苏木杰效应」,表明胰岛素过量,应减少用量。

如何根据患者的胖瘦来调节胰岛素的用量

已经按照自己的标准体重和活动量来控制每日总热量的摄入、但血糖水平仍然偏高的2糖尿病患者,必须重新调节胰岛素的用量。

调节的原则是:

消瘦者可增加胰岛素的用量,不必减少饮食;肥胖者则不必增加胰岛素的用量,但要减少饮食,增加运动量,并应加服双胍类降糖药。此类患者若因某种原因多吃了50克的主食,则必须加用5个单位的胰岛素。因为一般注射1个单位的胰岛素可降低10克主食所升高的血糖值。

如何调节混合胰岛素的用量

早晚注射混合胰岛素的2型糖尿病患者:若该患者午餐前的血糖偏高,表明其所应用的混合胰岛素中的短效胰岛素剂量不足。

若该患者晚饭前的血糖偏高,表明其所应用的混合胰岛素中的中效胰岛素剂量不足。

若该患者睡前的血糖偏高,表明其所应用的混合胰岛素中的短效胰岛素剂量不足。

若该患者清晨的血糖偏高,表示其所应用的混合胰岛素中的长效和中效胰岛素剂量均不足。

使用混合胰岛素的患者可按照上述原则对胰岛素的用量进行适当的调节。

1.
灵活变通注射时间

举例,某糖尿病患者餐前注射短效胰岛素(诺和灵R),当餐前血糖在6.710.0mmol/L时,可在餐前30分钟皮下注射,按常规进食;当餐前血糖在3.96.7mmol/L时,应在餐前15分钟注射,同时适当多进食;餐前血糖在2.83.9mmol/L时,可改为餐后即刻注射,同时适当多进食;当餐前血糖高于10.0mmol/L时,应改为餐前45分钟注射,并适当减少进食。同样的道理,注射速效胰岛素(诺和锐)的患者,当餐前血糖偏低时,也应将胰岛素改为餐后注射。

再比如,糖尿病胃轻瘫患者,由于胃排空延迟,故进食后葡萄糖的吸收高峰也随之后移,胰岛素的注射时间也要据此做出相应的调整,如果是注射短效胰岛素(如诺和灵R,可以在餐前即刻注射;如果是注射速效胰岛素(如诺和锐),可以在餐后即刻注射,目的是让胰岛素的药效高峰与餐后血糖高峰同步。临床上经常会遇到有些注射胰岛素的患者在餐后12小时发生低血糖,其原因就是因为没有灵活调整胰岛素注射时间所致。

2.
灵活选择胰岛素剂型

许多用胰岛素治疗的糖尿病患者,遇到血糖控制欠佳时,首先想到的是增加胰岛素用量或是减少进食量,而往往忽略了对胰岛素剂型的调整。以预混胰岛素为例,临床上有30R50R两种规格,前者由30%短效胰岛素和70%中效胰岛素组成,后者短效胰岛素和中效胰岛素各占50%。目前临床上大都倾向于选择30R,这种剂型基础胰岛素对控制夜间及空腹的血糖水平效果较好。但有些患者主要表现为餐后高血糖,空腹血糖并不太高,这种患者选择50R对控制餐后高血糖效果更好。再比如,对于严重酮症酸中毒等急性并发症或大手术的围手术期患者,应该选择起效快速、调整方便的速效或短效胰岛素,而不能选择起效慢、代谢也慢的中效、长效胰岛素。

3.
适时调整胰岛素用量

注射胰岛素一般要求定时、定量,但不是绝对的。事实上,胰岛素的注射剂量并非一成不变,而应根据患者的饮食、运动以及病情变化灵活调整。例如:

有些患者由于血糖长期控制欠佳,高血糖对胰岛β细胞分泌功能产生了很强的抑制作用(即高糖毒性作用),在治疗初期胰岛素用量往往较大,而当高血糖得到有效控制、糖毒性被解除之后,随着患者自身胰岛功能的改善,就需要及时减少胰岛素用量,否则很容易出现低血糖;

当患者处于发烧、感染、手术、严重创伤等应激状态时,往往需要临时增加胰岛素用量(注:发热患者体温每升高1度,追加20%胰岛素),一旦应激状态解除,则应及时减少胰岛素用量;

妊娠期糖尿病患者,随着妊娠月份的增加,胰岛素抵抗逐渐加重,胰岛素用量相应增加,但随着分娩的结束,患者胰岛素用量也要及时下调;

糖尿病肾病患者,由于肾脏对胰岛素的灭活及排泄能力下降,往往也需要减少胰岛素的用量;

糖尿病患者如合并垂体功能低下、肾上腺皮质功能减退(升糖激素分泌不足)或肠炎腹泻(食物吸收减少),也需要减少胰岛素的用量。

糖尿病患者多病并存,有时因病情需要而服用某些具有升糖作用的药物(如糖皮质激素、噻嗪类利尿剂等)时,也需要相应增加胰岛素用量。

当由每日多次胰岛素注射改为胰岛素泵治疗时,胰岛素总的用量应减少10%20%,反之,当由胰岛素泵治疗改为每日多次胰岛素注射时,胰岛素总的用量应增加10%20%

4.
调整幅度须因人而异

胰岛素使用宜从小剂量起始、循序渐进地调整剂量(即低起步、慢加量)。如果急于求成,每次胰岛素调整幅度过大,很容易导致低血糖,加重血糖波动,甚至出现低血糖后反跳性高血糖,陷入胰岛素用量越来越大,而血糖越来越高的怪圈,其结果是欲速反不达。糖尿病的一种类型是脆性糖尿病,多见于1型糖尿病患者,其最大临床特点是血糖忽高忽低、极不稳定,对于这种胰岛素调整幅度一定要小,有时甚至精细到每次零点几个单位。但是,对于那些体型肥胖的2型糖尿病人,每次胰岛素的调整幅度允许大一些。

5.
灵活协调铁三角的关系

胰岛素、饮食、运动的关系就像是一个铁三角,要充分协调好三者之间的关系,在胰岛素用量不变的情况下,如果进食太少或运动量过大,胰岛素作用相对增强,容易发生低血糖;如果进食过多或运动过少,胰岛素作用相对不足,又会发生高血糖。因此,在注射胰岛素后,如果患者的运动量比平时大,或者进餐过少,就应该在活动后适量加餐,加餐时间最好安排两餐之间或晚上睡前。反之,如果患者进餐过多,而胰岛素用量没变,就应该在餐后增加些运动量。或者如果患者事先知道这次进食会多于平时,可以适当增加本次餐前胰岛素的用量。

6.
合理安排血糖监测时间与频次

糖尿病需要根据空腹血糖来调整晚餐前(或睡前)胰岛素用量,根据餐后2小时血糖来调整餐前胰岛素用量。但是,在某些情况下,只查餐后2小时血糖是不够的,往往还要检查下一餐的餐前血糖。例如,对于某些血糖波动较大、低血糖风险较高的糖尿病患者,为了减少低血糖的发生风险,往往需要根据下一餐的餐前血糖来调整上一餐的餐前胰岛素用量。

总之,胰岛素治疗强调个体化,如何驾驭胰岛素是一门艺术,这里面有很多学问和技巧,既要遵守原则,又不能过于教条,只有这样,才能达到疗效与安全性的完美统一,这才是临床治疗孜孜追求的最高境界。

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#插入话题
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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1249485, encodeId=3668124948526, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=31618386e18' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83867, encryptionId=31618386e18, topicName=胰岛素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/Random/55971dc507c93968175ce7cc1e177b372a83869f.jpg, createdBy=f63e4754896, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 06:19:04 CST 2022, time=2022-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1240415, encodeId=52be124041594, content=很有用~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a3595480171, createdName=ms9000001296012691, createdTime=Tue Aug 23 07:08:18 CST 2022, time=2022-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1750303, encodeId=6ff31e5030334, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be7c8385345' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83853, encryptionId=be7c8385345, topicName=胰岛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a7a536274692, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Tue Aug 23 12:21:32 CST 2022, time=2022-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1197656, encodeId=cea0119e65682, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=23e3454e353' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学习#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45473, encryptionId=23e3454e353, topicName=学习)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/949453D13700D5D5E2170BDB0CBBEB81/100, createdBy=66e32451407, createdName=胡国宏, createdTime=Sun Feb 27 07:39:37 CST 2022, time=2022-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1195947, encodeId=9326119594e43, content=学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f03a5433387, createdName=ms5000000518166734, createdTime=Tue Feb 22 07:26:51 CST 2022, time=2022-02-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1195299, encodeId=402c119529906, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=066c2128345, createdName=1351fc2f66m, createdTime=Sun Feb 20 10:52:56 CST 2022, time=2022-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1195051, encodeId=7b3411950512c, content=学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f03a5433387, createdName=ms5000000518166734, createdTime=Sat Feb 19 11:41:39 CST 2022, time=2022-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1194778, encodeId=47af1194e7878, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=091d6146114, createdName=ms3000001362015616, createdTime=Fri Feb 18 12:04:57 CST 2022, time=2022-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1194036, encodeId=c70411940366d, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5f1f5633705, createdName=ms1000000251410274, createdTime=Wed Feb 16 14:56:01 CST 2022, time=2022-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1193868, encodeId=e0fa1193868c2, content=学习了大有用处, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150625/IMG558B8C995D7262168.jpg, createdBy=36ad1623080, createdName=cyzj007, createdTime=Wed Feb 16 08:23:04 CST 2022, time=2022-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-08-23 ms9000001296012691

    很有用~

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1249485, encodeId=3668124948526, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=31618386e18' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83867, encryptionId=31618386e18, topicName=胰岛素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/Random/55971dc507c93968175ce7cc1e177b372a83869f.jpg, createdBy=f63e4754896, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 06:19:04 CST 2022, time=2022-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1240415, encodeId=52be124041594, content=很有用~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a3595480171, createdName=ms9000001296012691, createdTime=Tue Aug 23 07:08:18 CST 2022, time=2022-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1750303, encodeId=6ff31e5030334, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be7c8385345' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83853, encryptionId=be7c8385345, topicName=胰岛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a7a536274692, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Tue Aug 23 12:21:32 CST 2022, time=2022-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1197656, encodeId=cea0119e65682, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=23e3454e353' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学习#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45473, encryptionId=23e3454e353, topicName=学习)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/949453D13700D5D5E2170BDB0CBBEB81/100, createdBy=66e32451407, createdName=胡国宏, createdTime=Sun Feb 27 07:39:37 CST 2022, time=2022-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1195947, encodeId=9326119594e43, content=学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f03a5433387, createdName=ms5000000518166734, createdTime=Tue Feb 22 07:26:51 CST 2022, time=2022-02-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1195299, encodeId=402c119529906, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=066c2128345, createdName=1351fc2f66m, createdTime=Sun Feb 20 10:52:56 CST 2022, time=2022-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1195051, encodeId=7b3411950512c, content=学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f03a5433387, createdName=ms5000000518166734, createdTime=Sat Feb 19 11:41:39 CST 2022, time=2022-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1194778, encodeId=47af1194e7878, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=091d6146114, createdName=ms3000001362015616, createdTime=Fri Feb 18 12:04:57 CST 2022, time=2022-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1194036, encodeId=c70411940366d, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5f1f5633705, createdName=ms1000000251410274, createdTime=Wed Feb 16 14:56:01 CST 2022, time=2022-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1193868, encodeId=e0fa1193868c2, content=学习了大有用处, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150625/IMG558B8C995D7262168.jpg, createdBy=36ad1623080, createdName=cyzj007, createdTime=Wed Feb 16 08:23:04 CST 2022, time=2022-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-08-23 baoya
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    2022-02-27 胡国宏
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    2022-02-22 ms5000000518166734

    学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习

    0

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    2022-02-20 1351fc2f66m

    学习

    0

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    2022-02-19 ms5000000518166734

    学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习

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    2022-02-18 ms3000001362015616

    学习

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    2022-02-16 ms1000000251410274

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    2022-02-16 cyzj007

    学习了大有用处

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