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2018CSE:肥胖合并T2DM病例诊疗心得,代谢手术后,综合管理防反弹

2018-09-01 付真真 周红文 杨涛 陈宇红 徐乃佳 医学界内分泌频道

2型糖尿病 (T2DM)和肥胖的患病率呈快速上升趋势,已成为全球性公共卫生问题。T2DM与肥胖关系密切,常共同患病。2017版《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》指出,我国肥胖人群糖尿病患病率升高了2倍。反过来,肥胖会加重胰岛素抵抗以及血糖控制难度,同时加剧T2DM患者慢性并发症的发生发展。

2型糖尿病 (T2DM)和肥胖的患病率呈快速上升趋势,已成为全球性公共卫生问题。T2DM与肥胖关系密切,常共同患病。2017版《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》指出,我国肥胖人群糖尿病患病率升高了2倍。反过来,肥胖会加重胰岛素抵抗以及血糖控制难度,同时加剧T2DM患者慢性并发症的发生发展。
 
肥胖合并T2DM患者在体重的管理上面临诸多挑战。在中华医学会第十七次全国内分泌学学术会议上,来自南京医科大学附属第一医院内分泌科的杨涛教授和上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院内分泌代谢科的陈宇红教授分别从相关疑难病例出发,分享了自己的心得。
 
同是代谢手术,结局大不同

杨涛教授讲述:
 
病例1

主诉及现病史:患者女,39岁,因“发现血糖升高10年”入院。近3年降糖方案为二甲双胍、阿卡波糖联合预混胰岛素。近1月空腹血糖(FBG)10~15mmol/L,餐后血糖(PBG)12~20mmol/L。平素用药不规律,饮食控制差,10年体重增加15kg。
 
既往史:高血压病史,血压最高180/120mmHg,服用二氢吡啶类钙离子拮抗剂,血压维持在150/90mmHg。
 
查体及辅助检查:体重84kg,身高160cm,BMI32.8kg/m2,无黑棘皮、紫纹及妊娠纹。:HbA1c11.3%,FBG13.4mmol/L,PBG18.5mmol/L,总胆固醇6.28mmol/L,甘油三酯197mmol/L,口服糖耐量试验、胰岛素及C肽释放见表1,胰岛素自身抗体阴性,Botnia葡萄糖钳夹术提示葡萄糖输注率(GIR)下降(2.1mg/kg/min),提示严重胰岛素抵抗。性激素正常。

表1 患者OGTT、胰岛素及C肽释放试验结果



诊治思路:诊断为2型糖尿病、肥胖症、高血压病等。需给予降糖、减重治疗。患者胰岛功能呈衰退表现,伴有严重胰岛素抵抗,是选择药物治疗还是代谢手术?根据相关共识,患者具备代谢手术指征,给予代谢手术治疗。
 
随访:术后随访18个月,患者体重降至67.2kg,BMI:26.25kg/m2,停用降糖药血糖达标,血压较前下降,血脂谱改善。Botnia葡萄糖钳夹示GIR8.7mg/kg/min,胰岛素抵抗改善。OGTT示胰岛C肽水平逐渐恢复正常。
 
问题:患者未重视饮食和运动,术后5年体重回升至74kg,BMI:28.9kg/m2,FBG7.2mmol/L,PBG12.4mmol/L,甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇较术后18个月升高。胰岛素及C肽分泌、GIR均呈现向治疗前靠拢趋势。面对术后各项指标反弹,治疗何去何从?

陈宇红教授:

病例2

主诉及现病史:患者女,27岁,因“体重进行性增加15年,月经紊乱7年”就诊。1996年患者无明显诱因出现体重进行性增加,半年增重20kg。2004年出现月经紊乱,2005年出现上唇细小胡须。2006年11月诊断为“多囊卵巢综合征”,给予二甲双胍、达英35等药物治疗。数月后月经正常,体重减轻,2009年自然受孕。妊娠后停用二甲双胍,体重增至110kg。
 
既往史:2007年发现血压升高,最高150/90mmHg。曾行OGTT示血糖正常。
 
查体及辅助检查:体重109.7kg,身高158cm,BMI43.94kg/m2,腰围125cm,BP165/92mmHg,其余无阳性体征。ALT294U/L,AST135U/L,甘油三酯,HbA1c9.4%,OGTT及胰岛素释放试验如表2,尿微量白蛋白258mg/dl,尿白蛋白/尿肌酐373.91mg/mmol,游离睾酮正常,甲功、皮质醇节律及地塞米松抑制试验正常,彩超示脂肪肝、多囊卵巢,呼吸睡眠监测示中度睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征伴中度低氧血症。

表2 简易OGTT及胰岛素释放试验结果



诊治思路:诊断考虑重度肥胖、2型糖尿病、糖尿病肾病、高血压病、多囊卵巢综合征、睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征等。患者合并多种血管代谢紊乱,如何制定治疗方案?给予利拉鲁肽、二甲双胍降糖治疗以及降压、护肝治疗,体重下降1.5kg,效果差。具有代谢手术指征,给予腔镜下袖状切除术。
 
随访:术后随访4年体重降至84kg并得以维持,FBG4.9mmol/,HbA1c5.7%,腰围95cm,胰岛素抵抗改善。

问题:与杨涛教授的病例同为代谢手术治疗,但本病例远期效果较好。原因何在?

讨论:严格掌握适应证,术后防反弹

临床证据显示,代谢手术治疗可明显改善肥胖伴T2DM患者的血糖控制,甚至可使一些糖尿病患者的糖尿病“缓解”。同时代谢手术改善血压、血脂,降低糖尿病大血管及微血管并发症的发生风险,明显改善肥胖相关疾病。这在两位教授的病例中均有体现。值得注意的是,此类患者需除外库欣综合征、甲状腺功能减退等其他疾病引起的体重增加。
 
代谢手术仍需严格掌握适应证和禁忌证,适应证有可选适应证和慎选适应证(图1)。作用机制包括缩小容积以使摄入热量减少、刺激GLP-1大量分泌、调节肠道菌群等。


图1 代谢手术适应证及禁忌证
 
防止术后体重反弹是代谢手术术后管理的重要一环。在杨涛教授的病例中,患者于体重反弹后,在生活方式干预基础上,继续规律应用利拉鲁肽及二甲双胍半年,体重64.3kg,BMI 25.3kg/m2,血糖达标,血压明显改善。该病例指标的总体变化见表3、4。因此代谢手术的术后必须进行营养学治疗、运动治疗、心理干预、行为矫正、必要时的药物治疗等综合治疗,涉及内分泌科、营养科、心理科等多学科协作,以更好应对代谢手术后的反弹。

表3 杨涛教授病例患者术前术后随访体重及BMI比较



表4 杨涛教授病例患者术前术后随访血糖、血压比较


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    2019-07-25 gujh
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    2019-04-14 sjzlzc015
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    2018-09-02 惠映实验室

    学习了,谢谢分享。

    0

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