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JNS: 微创置入椎弓根螺钉可增加损伤关节突关节的风险

2013-09-06 phdyhm dxy

随着腰椎微创治疗技术的出现与发展,经皮置入椎弓根螺钉的应用日益广泛。相对于传统的开放性手术,经皮微创技术的采用使得脊柱标志性解剖结构不再直接可视,但通过借助2D影像学成像技术如透视,仍可让椎弓根螺钉平稳地置入。 近来有研究报道,通过经皮微创手术置入椎弓根螺钉可能会增加上关节突关节面破坏的发生率。而螺钉等内固定物置入后,关节突关节的继续活动可能会加速关节突关节面的退变并导致临近节段的椎间关节出现永

随着腰椎微创治疗技术的出现与发展,经皮置入椎弓根螺钉的应用日益广泛。相对于传统的开放性手术,经皮微创技术的采用使得脊柱标志性解剖结构不再直接可视,但通过借助2D影像学成像技术如透视,仍可让椎弓根螺钉平稳地置入。

近来有研究报道,通过经皮微创手术置入椎弓根螺钉可能会增加上关节突关节面破坏的发生率。而螺钉等内固定物置入后,关节突关节的继续活动可能会加速关节突关节面的退变并导致临近节段的椎间关节出现永久性的改变。

腰椎关节突关节属滑膜关节,由位于椎弓根与椎板相连处的上下关节突构成。上关节突的关节面朝向后内方,下关节突关节面朝向前外方,关节面上覆有透明软骨。关节突关节参与构成椎管和椎间孔的后壁,关节突关节前方与脊髓和脊神经相邻,其退变增生可压迫脊髓或神经根。

在关节突关节结构中,上关节突关节面是承重和椎体稳定性的主要载体,其朝向有3种:(1)矢状位,上4个腰椎中占多数;(2)中间位,L5最多;(3)冠状位,与冠状面接近。在下腰椎,关节突关节面逐渐转向额面位,所以上关节突关节形态和关节突关节角的大小所起的机械阻挡作用,在下腰椎的稳定性和椎体运动中作用最大,所受的应力也最大。同时关节突关节角度增大时,其机械阻挡作用也增大,椎体稳定性相应增加;当关节突关节角度减小时,其机械阻挡作用也减小,椎体稳定性相应降低。

由此可见,如果置入的椎弓根螺钉一旦导致上关节突关节面的破坏,可能会使其所受压力明显增加,腰椎稳定性减弱,易发生关节退变。为了进一步确定经皮手术操作所致关节突关节面破坏的发生率是否高于传统的开放性手术方式,土耳其学者JoneS-Quaidoo等进行了一项病例对照队列研究,该研究结果已在近期的J Neurosurg Spine杂志上发表。该研究将L1至S1节段采用经皮微创手术方式行单节段融合的患者作为实验组,将相同节段采用开放性手术方式行单节段融合的患者作为配对对照组。两组患者各66例,采用经皮手术方式行单节段融合患者的平均年龄(42.5岁)明显小于对照组患者的平均年龄(57.8岁)。但两组患者的性别分布、手术融合节段、手术到CT检查的时间间隔等并无明显的差异。两组患者在术后的1年内行CT检查,包括轴位、矢状位、冠状位三个平面的CT。所有患者的CT检查结果均由三名接受专科训练的脊柱外科医生进行阅片,以判断关节突关节面的破坏程度。三名脊柱外科医生在进行阅片时被采用了盲法,即医生不知道某例患者属于哪一组。

研究结果显示,经皮手术组共置入264颗螺钉,开放性手术组共置入263颗螺钉。经皮手术组的264颗螺钉中有36颗位于关节突关节内,而开放性手术组的263颗螺钉中有16颗位于关节突关节内。如果仅分析头侧的螺钉,经皮手术组的132颗近端螺钉中有17颗位于关节突关节内,开放性手术组的131螺钉中有7颗位于关节突关节内。

该研究结果表明,相对于开放性手术方式,采用经皮手术方式置入椎弓跟螺钉可显著增加关节突关节破坏的发生率。即便是只分析头侧螺钉,这种差异亦是如此。而这些关节突关节面的破坏是否会导致临近节段疾病发病率增高仍需要进一步的研究。

原文阅读

Jones-Quaidoo SM, Djurasovic M, Owens RK 2nd, Carreon LY.Superior articulating facet violation: percutaneous versus open techniques.J Neurosurg Spine. 2013 Jun;18(6):593-7.

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