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先心病中较常见的外周血管病变一例

2017-12-06 熊长明 肺血管病

患者,男,15岁。剧烈活动后心悸、气短,经查体发现心脏杂音12年,房间隔缺损修补术后9年。两次胸廓不对称,胸骨左缘第2~3肋间可闻及3/6级收缩期杂音。诊断为:

患者,男,15岁。剧烈活动后心悸、气短,经查体发现心脏杂音12年,房间隔缺损修补术后9年。两次胸廓不对称,胸骨左缘第2~3肋间可闻及3/6级收缩期杂音。诊断为:

肺动脉狭窄。是否合并其它疾病?

临床资料】

患者,男,15岁。因查体发现心脏杂音12年,房间隔缺损修补术后9年,剧烈活动后心悸、气短3年入院;患者3年前出现剧烈活动后心悸、气短,未予重视。近期因家长发现其较同龄人发育较瘦小而要求进一步检查。

既往史和家族史无特殊。

查体:BP 100/70mmHg。两次胸廓不对称,左侧胸廓相对容积偏小;双肺呼吸音清晰,未闻及干湿性啰音。HR 84次/分,心律齐,P2>A2,胸骨左缘第2~3肋间可闻及3/6级收缩期杂音。

实验室检查:血常规:正常。甲状腺功能指标:正常。尿常规:正常。肝、肾功能:正常。乙肝、丙肝:阴性。HIV:阴性。C反应蛋白(CRP)1.15mg/L;血沉3mm/h。

心电图:窦性心律,电轴右偏。

X线胸片(图8-1):两肺血不对称,左肺血减少,主动脉结不宽,肺动脉段平直,各房、室未见明显增大,心胸比0.48。


图8-1 胸部X线平片(正位):两肺血不对称,左侧明显少于右侧

超声心动图:右心房、室增大,左心大小大致正常,运动幅度良好,左心室射血分数62%。房、室间隔完整,各瓣膜结构、形态和启闭未见异常。主肺动脉及右肺动脉发育良好,左肺动脉狭窄,前向血流速度增快,收缩期峰值压差约50mmHg。

心脏增强CT(图8-2):心脏正位,房、室间隔连续完整,右心房、室轻度增大。左肺动脉起始部重度局限性狭窄,右肺动脉起始部轻度局限性狭窄,狭窄以远肺动脉及其分支发育良好,管腔内未见充盈缺损。


图8-2 心脏增强CT三维重建图像:左肺动脉起始部重度狭窄,右肺动脉起始部轻度狭窄

右心导管及心血管造影(图8-3):左肺动脉起始部重度局限性狭窄,右肺动脉起始部轻度狭窄。右心室压60/15(28)mmHg,肺动脉压58/15(31)mmHg,左肺动脉-主肺动脉连续测压可见41mmHg收缩压差,右肺动脉-主肺动脉连续测压可见18mmHg压差。


图8-3 肺动脉造影(左前斜位+足头位):左肺动脉起始部重度狭窄(箭头所示)

介入治疗:以14~40mm BIB球囊加载28mm的CP支架经12F Mullins输送鞘管行左肺动脉支架植入术;植入后造影显示支架内血流通畅,右肺动脉起始部未受明显影响(图8-4);右心室压51/15(22)mmHg,肺动脉压47/15(26)mmHg,左肺动脉-主肺动脉连续测压可见18mmHg收缩压差,右肺动脉-主肺动脉连续测压可见22mmHg压差。


图8-4 植入CP支架后肺动脉造影(左前斜位+足头位):左肺动脉起始部狭窄解除,支架内血流通畅(箭头所示),右肺动脉未受明显影响

随访:支架植入术后1年随访,活动后心悸、气短症状消失。超声心动图显示心脏各房、室大小正常,左肺动脉起始部可见20mmHg峰值收缩压差,右肺动脉起始部可见约25mmHg收缩压差。胸片示两肺血大致对称、正常,左肺动脉支架形态、位置良好(图8-5)。


图8-5 术后1年随访胸部X线平片:支架形态良好,两肺血无明显差别

【讨论】

肺动脉狭窄是先心病中较常见的外周血管病变,其发病率约占先心病的3%~4%。肺动脉狭窄可以孤立性存在,也可以是其他先心病的并发畸形,在我国后者更为多见,且主要见于法洛四联症和肺动脉闭锁等,也可作为Williams综合征、Alagille综合征等疾病在心血管系统的表现。肺动脉狭窄的病理改变分为主肺动脉和(或)左、右肺动脉的“中央性”狭窄和外围肺动脉分支(叶、段及其以下分支)的狭窄,这两种病理改变可以并存。Schwalbe和Mangars报告了首例孤立性肺动脉狭窄。

先天性肺动脉狭窄的病因尚不清楚,鉴于其常并发于其他先心病,所以一般也认为和其他先心病的发生机制类似。严重或多发性的肺动脉狭窄,可导致右心室压力及狭窄近端的压力增高,病变远端的肺灌注血流减少,如不及时解除狭窄,可导致病变以远肺动脉分支的发育异常和(或)完全闭塞。由于肺动脉狭窄的部位和病变数量的变化较大,且常并发其他先心病,所以先天性肺动脉狭窄目前尚没有公认的首选治疗方法:并发其他必须手术治疗的先心病的肺动脉狭窄可以考虑一并进行外科手术治疗,对于孤立性的肺动脉狭窄,尤其是左、右肺动脉及其分支的狭窄一般以介入治疗(球囊成形术和支架植入术)作为首选治疗方法。

由于肺动脉狭窄常并发其他先心病,孤立存在的肺动脉狭窄也无特异性症状和体征,所以常容易被其他疾病的症状掩盖而造成漏诊。影像学检查是提示或明确诊断该疾病的主要方法:X线平片通过显示肺血管纹理的不对称可能会提示诊断,但这种征象常被忽视;超声心动图对于“中央性”肺动脉狭窄有较高的诊断率,但对外围肺动脉分支狭窄由于肺内空气的影响无法观察;CT和磁共振成像作为新的无创影像学技术可明确诊断,并可通过三维重建技术立体、形象地显示病变,对手术矫治方案的制订有很大的帮助,但不能获得充分的血流动力学资料,另外对于婴幼儿患者由于呼吸运动的影响,诊断水平可能会有相应降低;核素肺灌注显像也是评价肺动脉狭窄的重要影像学方法,可以显示狭窄后肺灌注减少的情况,有助于判定疾病的影响,但不能直接显示肺动脉狭窄的形态改变;心导管检查和心血管造影是诊断该病的“金标准”,并可获得肺血管阻力等资料,有助于手术适应证的判断,也用于指导介入治疗。

该患者既往曾因诊断为“房间隔缺损”在外院接受外科手术治疗,但术中并未发现其他并存畸形。由于患者为少年男性,无其他特殊既往病史,本次入院检查未发现大动脉炎以及其他可能导致肺动脉狭窄的疾病的证据,故仍诊断为先天性肺动脉狭窄。该患者尽管有剧烈活动后心悸、气短等非特异性征象,但对提示诊断并无帮助。由于X线平片和超声心动图等一线影像学检查提示了肺动脉狭窄,遂通过增强CT检查明确了诊断。

1983年Lock等首先在临床上成功进行了肺动脉狭窄的球囊成形术,目前较公认的适应证为:①当肺动脉分支狭窄的直径≤8mm,同时合并以下一项者:右心室收缩压/主动脉收缩压≥50%;或右心室收缩压≥50mmHg;或肺核素扫描显示肺灌注减少。②跨狭窄段压差>20mmHg。尽管早期的临床应用报告表明,肺动脉狭窄球囊成形术的技术成功率只有50%左右,但由于肺动脉狭窄、尤其是外围分支狭窄的病变部位外科手术难以达到,因此球囊成形术仍作为主要的治疗方法;随着高压球囊的使用,球囊成形术的成功率上升至60%~80%,但仍有相当比例患者不能成功,且成功患者有15%左右的再狭窄。近20年来,在血管球囊成形术应用的基础上,又发展出了血管内支架植入术来治疗狭窄性病变,该技术也扩展应用至肺动脉狭窄,近十几年的临床时间已经证明支架植入术的疗效明显优于单纯球囊成形术。

血管支架一般为自膨胀型支架及球囊膨胀型支架,由于球囊膨胀型支架具有定位精确的优点,且部分可再扩张,并在不同程度扩张后直径有一定程度的可变性等特点,其更多应用于先天性肺动脉狭窄的治疗。本例患者对左侧严重的肺动脉狭窄进行了支架植入术,并取得了良好的效果,随访中疗效得以保持,也充分体现了这种方法的安全性和有效性。需要强调的是,由于先天性肺动脉狭窄的患者多为儿童和青少年,治疗后患者还面临成长、发育的问题,而目前的支架多数还不能随着患者的成长而成长,也没有专用于先天性肺动脉狭窄的支架,因此在支架植入前应充分考虑支架植入后的结果是否比其他的治疗方法更有效、安全;即使能成功植入支架,支架植入的位置也尽量选择在外科医师手术能取出的地方,目前多数学者不主张应用冠状动脉支架来治疗远端的肺小动脉分支狭窄,而考虑以球囊成形术为主要治疗方法。多数学者目前认为支架植入术的理想适应证是患孤立性的、局限性的、单支肺动脉狭窄的年轻成人或青少年,本例患者即属于此种情况。

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    2017-12-30 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习

    0

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    2017-12-08 ssnine
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    2017-12-06 方舒

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