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Lancet Onco:希望!新药治疗复发性BRCA卵巢癌可产显著持久抗肿瘤活性!

2018-01-24 佚名 转化医学网

Prexasertib单药治疗在临床前研究中诱导DNA损伤和细胞凋亡,并且在晚期实体瘤患者中观察到潜在的抗癌活性。Prexasertib可能是治疗铂类耐药复发卵巢癌的重要新药。



高级浆液性卵巢癌(HGSOC)是卵巢癌患者死亡的主要原因,所占比例较大,且死亡率居高不下。尽管对最初的细胞减灭术和铂类化疗有反应,但是大多数这种类型的癌症患者在某个时间点出现复发,最终发展为铂类耐药。这些患者的预后差,需要新的治疗策略。

高级浆液性卵巢癌的特征在于高频率的TP53突变,其破坏对G1-S细胞周期检查点的控制,并使细胞依赖于细胞周期关卡介导的G2-M细胞周期停滞以用于DNA修复。细胞周期检查点激酶 1和2(CHK1和CHK2)是DNA损伤反应途径的关键组成部分,被激酶ATR或ATM激活以响应DNA复制应激或DNA损伤。CHK1和CHK2是高等级浆液性卵巢癌中合理的驱动肿瘤细胞死亡的靶点。

Prexasertib(LY2606368)是CHK1和CHK2的选择性ATP竞争性小分子抑制剂,阻断CHK蛋白的自身磷酸化和随后的活化,调节M相诱导剂的活性磷酸酶和细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶。Prexasertib单药治疗在临床前研究中诱导DNA损伤和细胞凋亡,并且在晚期实体瘤患者中观察到潜在的抗癌活性。


使用prexasertib治疗的最佳反应

在信号寻求阶段2研究中,结果显示prexasertib单药治疗在复发性BRCA野生型高级浆液性卵巢癌患者中产生了显着和持久的抗肿瘤活性。

研究者的两步设计是针对25%患者的反应,而第一阶段的反应为5%,因为研究者认识到研究人群可能是混合的(一些女性患有铂抗性疾病和一些与铂敏感的疾病)。正如预期的那样,高比例的人群有铂类耐药性反复发作(79%)。方案定义的主要目标得到满足,33%的患者有部分反应。研究人员推测prexasertib在没有同源重组功能障碍的高度浆液性卵巢癌中有活性; 这个假设部分基于公认的细胞周期蛋白E和D的上调或扩增。

在治疗开始之前采取的活检样本的检查表明,具有CCNE1过度表达的肿瘤的妇女的近三分之二具有来自prexasertib治疗的临床益处。因此,Prexasertib可能是治疗铂类耐药复发卵巢癌的重要新药。铂类耐药与卵巢癌女性预后不良有关,几乎所有的复发性疾病患者都会发生铂类耐药。尽管联合化疗与贝伐珠单抗相比,单独使用细胞毒性化疗或靶向药物已经取得了令人失望的结果。

本研究中的患者进行了大量预处理,24名中有18名(75%)接受了三种或更多的治疗方案。值得注意的是,在接受prexasertib治疗的患者中,接近60%的铂类耐药或铂类难治性疾病患者有临床获益,疾病稳定至少6个月或部分缓解。因此,单一药物的活性比预期的要大。鉴于此鼓舞人心的发现,进一步评估prexasertib是必要的。


治疗持续时间和CA-125浓度

TP53突变是临床合成致死性和细胞周期检查点抑制的最好表征的例子。高级浆液性卵巢癌的特征在于高度复制应力,导致不适当的复制来源许可或烧制,这又导致停滞复制叉和随后的双链DNA断裂。CHK1在通过抑制细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶2限制复制起始的起始中起互补作用,当激活时,其激活复制CHK1抑制剂通过有效促进复制起点燃烧,这增加了叉停滞和DNA断裂的速率。已经达到接近关键的复制应激并且可能易于用prexasertib治疗的肿瘤的鉴定仍然是一个挑战。

CCNE1在约20%的原发性高级浆液性卵巢癌中被扩增,并且与化疗耐受性有关。细胞周期蛋白E也是已知的导致复制性应激和基因组不稳定性的复制的驱动因素。我们的事后分析显示大多数CCNE1扩增或过度表达的患者具有熟练的同源重组。具有CCNE1扩增的卵巢肿瘤具有高的同源重组熟练度,这对于过度表达细胞周期蛋白E的细胞的存活可能是必需的。细胞周期蛋白E1是细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶2活化所必需的,但过表达会诱导DNA损伤和复制应激,激活同源重组修复并可能增加对CHK1抑制的敏感性。

因为没有观察到单一药物的活性,所以联合治疗方案中DNA损伤剂的化学增强作用。虽然1期试验显示CHK1抑制剂可以安全地与化疗联合,但是2期研究并不符合其主要疗效终点。其他细胞周期在临床研究中正在评估检查点抑制剂,例如靶向激酶WEE1,ATR和ATM的检查点抑制剂与多种化学疗法和作为单一疗法。WEE1抑制剂AZD1775作为单一疗法的第一阶段研究招募了24名患者,其中9名具有BRCA1或BRCA2突变。这9名患者中的两名患有鳞状细胞癌舌癌和高级浆液性卵巢癌,取得了部分疗效。AZD1775和卡铂方案与21例复发性铂类难治性或铂类耐药TP53突变的卵巢癌患者的中位无进展生存期为5.3个月(95%CI 2.3-9.0)。

总之,prexasertib单药治疗在研究人员经过严重预处理的BRCA野生型复发性高级浆液性卵巢癌患者群中是可耐受的并具有临床活性。这种活性可能与肿瘤CCNE1扩增,过度表达或两者有关,这些关联需要在更大的前瞻性试验中进行验证。BRX突变卵巢癌患者接受prexasertib治疗的第二阶段研究(NCT02203513)将提供prexasertib治疗生殖系BRCA突变患者的可能性。研究者在铂类耐药或铂类难治性高级浆液性卵巢癌患者中记录的令人鼓舞的抗肿瘤活性值得进一步的发展在随机试验,包括评估病人报告的结果。

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    2018-11-08 howi
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    2018-01-26 智智灵药

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