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为什么尿糖不能用于糖尿病诊断...

2022-08-01 检验医学 检验医学

一探究竟~

尿糖“+”≠糖尿病

图片

糖尿病最新诊断标准

糖尿病,顾名思义,很多人会简单地认为尿糖出现即等同于糖尿病,殊不知:尿液中理化成分极易受糖摄入量、饮水量多少、药物、机体应激状态、肾脏功能等诸多因素影响而产生变化,所以无论是居家使用尿糖试条或是来医院做的尿常规检测,均不能准确反映机体糖代谢的真实状况,所以偶然出现的一次尿糖“+”,大可不必过分紧张,因为仅凭此一项,是不能拿来诊断糖尿病的。

尿糖检测的不足

1.肾糖阈影响

正常情况下,血液中经肾小球滤过的葡萄糖,几乎全部在近端肾小管被重吸收入血,终尿含糖量极少,一般方法常检测不出,故尿糖阴性。当血糖浓度超过一定限度时,肾小球滤出葡萄糖超出肾小管重吸收能力时,尿中可出现尿糖,即尿糖阳性。所谓“肾糖阈”,即指尿中开始出现葡萄糖时最低的血糖浓度,通常为8.9-10.0亳摩/升。由此可见,尿糖阳性,不仅关乎血糖,还时刻受到肾脏滤过及重吸收功能的影响,如果肾脏出现了问题,或存在一些先天遗传性因素导致肾糖阈降低,如:良性家族性肾性糖尿,范可尼综合征等合并有肾小管功能障碍性疾病,即便病人空腹及餐后血糖正常,由于肾脏对糖重吸收不足,也能够导致尿糖。

2.不能即刻反映血糖水平

尿糖检测反映的是尿液潴留于膀胱中这段时间内的平均血糖水平,如果糖尿病病人同时伴有膀胱自主神经病变,则导致新生成尿液与潴留尿液混合,导致尿糖检查出现偏差。

3.干扰因素多

(1)尿标本存放时间过长会导致细菌繁殖增快,消耗尿中葡萄糖,使得结果偏低或出现假阴性;(2)短时间内摄入过多高糖食物,会在尿液中排出相应物质,造成假阳性;(3)样本采集过程中,受到过氧化氢、次氯酸等氧化剂影响,可导致试带法假阳性。

4.不能定量

尿糖检测多为半定量检测,阴性时不能区分低血糖、正常血糖及轻度高血糖。

餐后低血糖

与大家惯常的思维有所不同,吃完饭本应该血糖增高才对,但由于胰岛素释放滞后或食物刺激后,分泌过高,就能够引发餐后低血糖,这又是怎么一回事呢?

餐后低血糖又名反应性低血糖,多发于年轻女性,临床常表现为发作性乏力、心慌、出汗、意识朦胧等,摄入过量精制单糖或寡糖类食物和饮酒史为其常见诱发因素,常见疾病包括:

(1)垂体和肾上腺皮质功能不全早期;

(2)2型糖尿病初期病人胰岛素快速分泌障碍,胰岛素释放延迟,葡萄糖耐量试验中表现出的早期高血糖,继之发生的迟发性低血糖;

(3)特发性反应性低血糖,或与胰高血糖素受体降解及受体敏感性下降有关。

职考真题直击

1不属于血糖増高性糖尿的是(2013初级师)

A.糖尿病

B.库欣综合征

C.嗜铬细胞瘤

D.家族性糖尿

E.甲状腺功能亢进  

2患者男,56岁。体质肥胖,因口干、乏力、右足趾麻木1年入院。查体:血压138/78mmHg,脉搏80次/分,呼吸22次/分,血糖16mmol/L ,尿糖(+++),尿蛋白(-),尿酮体(-),血尿酸310umol/L ,患者最可能的诊断是(2015初级师)

A.1型糖尿病

B.2型糖尿病

C.痛风性关节炎

D.高脂蛋白血症

E.原发性高血压

答案:D、B

参考文献

1.中华医学会糖尿病学分会.中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)[J].中华糖尿病杂志,2021, 13(4):95.

2.屈春梅,杨刚毅.致低血糖症的原因综述[J].临床误诊误治,2004(3):163-166.

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1645932, encodeId=7d9a164593202, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64644e490b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#尿糖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=47490, encryptionId=64644e490b0, topicName=尿糖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bce523261420, createdName=liubm563, createdTime=Fri Mar 24 22:23:40 CST 2023, time=2023-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1236467, encodeId=bf31123646edc, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Aug 03 22:46:11 CST 2022, time=2022-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1236172, encodeId=a63612361e242, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d838244645, createdName=ms2000000729194157, createdTime=Tue Aug 02 16:13:17 CST 2022, time=2022-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1235928, encodeId=fe9b1235928d9, content=认真看收获很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5a818165113, createdName=ms8000001437668740, createdTime=Mon Aug 01 12:51:46 CST 2022, time=2022-08-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2023-03-24 liubm563
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1645932, encodeId=7d9a164593202, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64644e490b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#尿糖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=47490, encryptionId=64644e490b0, topicName=尿糖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bce523261420, createdName=liubm563, createdTime=Fri Mar 24 22:23:40 CST 2023, time=2023-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1236467, encodeId=bf31123646edc, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Aug 03 22:46:11 CST 2022, time=2022-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1236172, encodeId=a63612361e242, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d838244645, createdName=ms2000000729194157, createdTime=Tue Aug 02 16:13:17 CST 2022, time=2022-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1235928, encodeId=fe9b1235928d9, content=认真看收获很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5a818165113, createdName=ms8000001437668740, createdTime=Mon Aug 01 12:51:46 CST 2022, time=2022-08-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-08-03 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1645932, encodeId=7d9a164593202, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64644e490b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#尿糖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=47490, encryptionId=64644e490b0, topicName=尿糖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bce523261420, createdName=liubm563, createdTime=Fri Mar 24 22:23:40 CST 2023, time=2023-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1236467, encodeId=bf31123646edc, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Aug 03 22:46:11 CST 2022, time=2022-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1236172, encodeId=a63612361e242, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d838244645, createdName=ms2000000729194157, createdTime=Tue Aug 02 16:13:17 CST 2022, time=2022-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1235928, encodeId=fe9b1235928d9, content=认真看收获很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5a818165113, createdName=ms8000001437668740, createdTime=Mon Aug 01 12:51:46 CST 2022, time=2022-08-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-08-02 ms2000000729194157

    学习

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1645932, encodeId=7d9a164593202, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64644e490b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#尿糖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=47490, encryptionId=64644e490b0, topicName=尿糖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bce523261420, createdName=liubm563, createdTime=Fri Mar 24 22:23:40 CST 2023, time=2023-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1236467, encodeId=bf31123646edc, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Aug 03 22:46:11 CST 2022, time=2022-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1236172, encodeId=a63612361e242, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d838244645, createdName=ms2000000729194157, createdTime=Tue Aug 02 16:13:17 CST 2022, time=2022-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1235928, encodeId=fe9b1235928d9, content=认真看收获很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5a818165113, createdName=ms8000001437668740, createdTime=Mon Aug 01 12:51:46 CST 2022, time=2022-08-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-08-01 ms8000001437668740

    认真看收获很多

    0

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