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知否知否,特定蛋白是这样的…...

2019-01-27 小郭 检验医学网

提到医学检验或体外诊断,很多人知道血常规、生化、免疫、分子......特定蛋白是什么?

提到医学检验或体外诊断,很多人知道血常规、生化、免疫、分子......特定蛋白是什么?

蛋白质测定

蛋白质是人体含量和种类最多的物质,占人体干重的45%,有10万多种。酶、多肽激素、细胞因子、抗体、转运蛋白、收缩蛋白等均为蛋白质,因此蛋白质被称为生命活动的物质基础。

疾病时体内蛋白质的结构、种类、含量、分布和功能均会发生变化,以合适的方法与技术,检测体内蛋白质的改变,对疾病的诊断、病情及预后判断都有重要价值。

对人体内蛋白质的检测方法主要有:

①基于蛋白质的理化特性建立的方法技术,多用于总蛋白质或某一类蛋白质测定;

②根据蛋白质的特有功能而建立的方法,主要用于酶等功能蛋白质测定;

③根据不同蛋白质的抗原性,制备相应抗体而建立的定量免疫学检测方法,广泛用于单一蛋白质准确定量测定;

④同时检测尽可能多低丰度蛋白质谱的芯片、蛋白组学等技术。

——《全国临床检验操作规程》(第4版)

特定蛋白检测

特定蛋白(Specific Proteins),也叫做特种蛋白,特殊蛋白。利用蛋白质的抗原性,可以采用抗原-抗体反应对具有某一特定抗原性的蛋白质进行测定,故又称特定蛋白检测。专用来测定特定蛋白的仪器就称为特定蛋白分析仪。按仪器自动化程度,分为全自动和半自动特定蛋白分析仪。

专用的特定蛋白分析仪以散射比浊方法为主,现也有一些透射比浊法(生化分析仪方法)的仪器,实际是小型的生化分析仪用来做特定蛋白。

免疫比浊法分为免疫透射比浊法和免疫散射比浊法,两种方法学的免疫反应方法几乎相同,区别在于信号检测,透射比浊法检测的是入射光的信号强弱,散射比浊法检测的是散射光的信号强弱。检测光信号的强弱与被测物浓度有直接关系。从信号检测部件的不同就可以看出,两者的检测条件完全不同。目前以散射比浊为原理的特定蛋白分析仪已在医学检验领域普遍使用,检验人士普遍认为散射比浊法要比透射比浊法更灵敏,准确度高。

此外,还有一些POCT的荧光免疫分析仪可以做个别项目。近几年,在全自动的化学发光分析仪上也可检测一些特定蛋白项目。

以生化分析仪、特定蛋白仪、化学发光仪为例,需要检测物质的单位不同,导致仪器所选择的光电二级管是完全不同的。光信号通过光电二极管转换为电信号,也分为不同电流数量级。如下图所示,不同方法学在不同浓度水平的检查有自己的优势,生化分析仪主要适用于检测g/L至mg/L浓度水平的物质,散射比浊法主要适用于检测g/L至ng/L浓度水平的物质,化学发光法主要适用于检测ng/L至pg/L浓度水平的物质。

化学发光法虽然是目前普遍认为免疫诊断里最好的方法学,但其更适应检测低水平浓度的样本,对于一些浓度较高的特定蛋白需要稀释较多的倍数,这在检测中会引入更多的不确定因素。

特定蛋白检测项目

1、急性炎症蛋白系列

机体在炎症反应的过程中,血液中某些蛋白会出现特征性变化,称为急性时相反应。这些蛋白称为急性时相蛋白,有C反应蛋白(CRP)、血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)、结合珠蛋白(HPT)、α-1抗胰蛋白酶(AAT)、α-1酸性糖蛋白(AAG)等。其中,CRP和SAA最为敏感,是目前在感染诊断中应用最多的项目。

适用于急性炎症、感染急性期、创伤、手术、慢性疾病急性活动期等。

2、免疫球蛋白及补体系列

特定蛋白中最常用的是免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA及补体C3、C4系列,也称为“免疫五项”。用于免疫力低下患者,如反复感染、自身免疫性疾病、慢性肝病、白血病、获得性低免疫球蛋白血症、移植排斥反应等。

还有加入Kappa轻链和Lambda轻链组成的“免疫七项”套餐,可用于多发性骨髓瘤、结缔组织病、淀粉样变病、淋巴增生性恶性肿瘤、肾脏疾病等。

3、风湿及类风湿系列

特定蛋白中检测风湿及类风湿系列的项目是:抗链球菌溶血素(ASO)、类风湿因子(RF)、C反应蛋白(CRP)等。用于类风湿关节炎的活动性及疗效评价、关节炎与类风湿关节炎的鉴别等。

4、肾损伤及尿微量蛋白系列

肾损伤项目里主要有胱抑素C(Cys C),是早期肾功能损伤标志物,是新一代反映肾小球滤过率(GFR)的较为理想指标。

尿微量蛋白系列的项目有:尿微量白蛋白(mALB)、尿转铁蛋白(TRU)、尿免疫球蛋白G(IGU)、尿α1-微球蛋白(A1M)、尿β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、尿α2-巨球蛋白(α2-MG)等。

主要用于早期或轻微肾损伤评价、糖尿病肾病的早期诊断和治疗管理高血压肾病的早期诊断、妊娠期高血压的早期诊断、血管疾病的危险评估等。

5、营养状况检测

白蛋白(Alb)、前白蛋白(PA)、转铁蛋白(TRF)等项目可对患者的营养状况进行评估。适用于营养不良患者、术后、住院患者等。

6、凝血项目

D-二聚体(DD)是一个特异性的纤溶过程标记物,主要用于静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)、弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)、肺栓塞等诊断。抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT3)主要反映机体抗凝系统的功能降低,用于血栓形成的风险评估,抗凝溶栓治疗监测及对疑似先天性或获得性ATⅢ缺乏的血栓形成患者进行诊断等。

最常用特定蛋白项目排行

①根据使用人份数来排名,最常用的特定蛋白项目非C反应蛋白(CRP)莫属。卫健委临检中心曾统计过检验科使用量最大的项目是血常规检测。而现在血常规+CRP已成为在感染早期诊断(门诊)最常见的组合方式,因此CRP使用量在各特定蛋白项目里居首。

②CRP在感染诊断上的应用已非常普遍,其主要在细菌感染时升高比较敏感,但在病毒感染时基本不升高。而很多呼吸道感染、发热都是病毒感染为主,而血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)是可以在病毒感染时显着升高的标志物,因此近年来开始广泛应用于感染诊断,在一些地区形成了血常规+CRP+SAA“新三大常规”的联合检测。因此,SAA成为了特定蛋白的第二名。

③特定蛋白第三名:尿微量白蛋白(mALB)。该项目是诊断肾损伤的必查项目,因此应用广泛。

④特定蛋白第四名:糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)。糖化血红蛋白虽然很多已在专用的糖化血红蛋白仪上开展,但在特定蛋白平台由于无需其他专用仪器,成本相对较低,仍有较多的客户使用。

⑤特定蛋白第五名:风湿及类风湿系列的抗链球菌溶血素(ASO)、类风湿因子(RF)等。

⑥特定蛋白第六名:免疫五项。

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    2019-03-14 jyzxjiangqin

    特定蛋白的影响。

    0

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    2019-03-02 jyzxjiangqin

    特定蛋白异常的影响。

    0

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    2019-02-18 jyzxjiangqin

    特定蛋白的应用。

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=362644, encodeId=16d836264441, content=特定蛋白的影响。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Mar 14 19:45:53 CST 2019, time=2019-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=361851, encodeId=228f36185164, content=特定蛋白异常的影响。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sat Mar 02 16:50:38 CST 2019, time=2019-03-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360900, encodeId=d968360900f5, content=特定蛋白的应用。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 06:54:16 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359982, encodeId=ba39359982c5, content=特定蛋白的影响。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 12:19:44 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359367, encodeId=d4a635936eb5, content=认真学习,不断进步,把经验分享给同好。点赞了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=d85d1636106, createdName=lietome2, createdTime=Sun Jan 27 11:23:43 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359359, encodeId=55a53593599b, content=特定蛋白质的测定。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Jan 27 10:05:27 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359324, encodeId=b73b359324da, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6d551998554, createdName=1e1c07bdm01(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jan 27 07:24:34 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359315, encodeId=46b335931576, content=学习学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRkia1DP5MpwEgtXo1XhXA11xD6MWKxunAZFXKSNic0fWHUQx83oNHPlRMxxIctM83QKeCLkJpMibibiaC/0, createdBy=7e581734408, createdName=深海的鱼, createdTime=Sun Jan 27 06:11:35 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-02-05 jyzxjiangqin

    特定蛋白的影响。

    0

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    2019-01-27 lietome2

    认真学习,不断进步,把经验分享给同好。点赞了!

    0

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    2019-01-27 jyzxjiangqin

    特定蛋白质的测定。

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=362644, encodeId=16d836264441, content=特定蛋白的影响。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Mar 14 19:45:53 CST 2019, time=2019-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=361851, encodeId=228f36185164, content=特定蛋白异常的影响。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sat Mar 02 16:50:38 CST 2019, time=2019-03-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360900, encodeId=d968360900f5, content=特定蛋白的应用。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 06:54:16 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359982, encodeId=ba39359982c5, content=特定蛋白的影响。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 12:19:44 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359367, encodeId=d4a635936eb5, content=认真学习,不断进步,把经验分享给同好。点赞了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=d85d1636106, createdName=lietome2, createdTime=Sun Jan 27 11:23:43 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359359, encodeId=55a53593599b, content=特定蛋白质的测定。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Jan 27 10:05:27 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359324, encodeId=b73b359324da, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6d551998554, createdName=1e1c07bdm01(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jan 27 07:24:34 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359315, encodeId=46b335931576, content=学习学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRkia1DP5MpwEgtXo1XhXA11xD6MWKxunAZFXKSNic0fWHUQx83oNHPlRMxxIctM83QKeCLkJpMibibiaC/0, createdBy=7e581734408, createdName=深海的鱼, createdTime=Sun Jan 27 06:11:35 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=362644, encodeId=16d836264441, content=特定蛋白的影响。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Mar 14 19:45:53 CST 2019, time=2019-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=361851, encodeId=228f36185164, content=特定蛋白异常的影响。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sat Mar 02 16:50:38 CST 2019, time=2019-03-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360900, encodeId=d968360900f5, content=特定蛋白的应用。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 06:54:16 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359982, encodeId=ba39359982c5, content=特定蛋白的影响。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue Feb 05 12:19:44 CST 2019, time=2019-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359367, encodeId=d4a635936eb5, content=认真学习,不断进步,把经验分享给同好。点赞了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=d85d1636106, createdName=lietome2, createdTime=Sun Jan 27 11:23:43 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359359, encodeId=55a53593599b, content=特定蛋白质的测定。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Jan 27 10:05:27 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359324, encodeId=b73b359324da, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6d551998554, createdName=1e1c07bdm01(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jan 27 07:24:34 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359315, encodeId=46b335931576, content=学习学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRkia1DP5MpwEgtXo1XhXA11xD6MWKxunAZFXKSNic0fWHUQx83oNHPlRMxxIctM83QKeCLkJpMibibiaC/0, createdBy=7e581734408, createdName=深海的鱼, createdTime=Sun Jan 27 06:11:35 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-01-27 深海的鱼

    学习学习学习

    0

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