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Cancer Cell:把癌细胞变成脂肪细胞!脑洞打开

2019-01-15 佚名 学术经纬

今天,《细胞》出版社旗下的《Cancer Cell》杂志发表了一篇极为吸引眼球的论文。来自瑞士的一支科研团队发现,一种抗癌药和一种糖尿病药物的组合,竟然能把乳腺癌细胞变成脂肪细胞,有效抑制癌症转移。这项研究的关键,在于抓住了癌细胞“变身”的时间点。原来在癌症病情发展的过程中,存在一个叫做“上皮-间充质转化”(EMT)的阶段。这一阶段内,癌细胞具有类似于“干细胞”的特质,有潜力转化成多种细胞类型。利

今天,《细胞》出版社旗下的《Cancer Cell》杂志发表了一篇极为吸引眼球的论文。来自瑞士的一支科研团队发现,一种抗癌药和一种糖尿病药物的组合,竟然能把乳腺癌细胞变成脂肪细胞,有效抑制癌症转移。这项研究的关键,在于抓住了癌细胞“变身”的时间点。原来在癌症病情发展的过程中,存在一个叫做“上皮-间充质转化”(EMT)的阶段。这一阶段内,癌细胞具有类似于“干细胞”的特质,有潜力转化成多种细胞类型。利用EMT,这些癌细胞会从初始的肿瘤中脱离,向远处发生转移。

如果能通过药物调控癌细胞的信号通路,让他们变成无害的细胞,岂不是就能抑制癌细胞转移了吗?这群科学家们正是这么想的。而他们计划让癌细胞变成的,是许多爱美人士所排斥的脂肪细胞。

为什么选择脂肪细胞?一方面,脂肪细胞不会分裂,比较安全。另一方面,我们对于脂肪形成的通路有着较好的理解,也有一些现成的方法可以促进脂肪细胞的转化。当然,要让癌细胞变成脂肪细胞,我们还需要做一定的优化。这正是这群科学家们在研究里首先做的尝试。优化结果表明,从小鼠模型中分离出的乳腺癌细胞,在糖尿病药物rosiglitazone与一种叫做BMP2的蛋白的共同作用下,能高效变成脂肪细胞。


研究人员们摸索出了把癌细胞诱导成脂肪细胞的方法

体外实验的成功,让科学家们得以进一步研究将癌细胞变为脂肪细胞的信号通路。RNA测序的结果找到了许多与这一转变有关的转录因子。其中,TGF-β信号通路有着关键的调节作用,进一步的分析则找到了MEK这个关键蛋白——在通常情况下,TGF-β信号通路会抑制脂肪细胞的转化。而倘若能抑制MEK的功能,就可以反过来促进形成脂肪细胞。

可喜的是,早在2013年,美国FDA就批准了一款MEK抑制剂上市,药物名是trametinib。它能促进癌细胞变成脂肪细胞吗?更关键的是,这种新颖的策略,在动物体内能取得成功吗?

为了回答这些问题,科学家们做了一个关键的实验。他们在小鼠体内引入了表达绿色荧光蛋白的人类乳腺癌细胞。先前的研究表明,这些癌细胞很容易会转移到肺部。随后,研究人员们给这些小鼠使用了安慰剂、rosiglitazone、trametinib、以及rosiglitazone +trametinib,评估四种不同治疗方案对于肿瘤生长和转移的抑制效果。


组合疗法在抑制肿瘤侵袭性方面,有着很好的效果

研究表明,接受trametinib单独疗法或组合疗法治疗的小鼠,肿瘤体积都出现了明显缩小。这并不令人奇怪,毕竟trametinib本身就是个抗癌药。然而接受了组合疗法的小鼠,肿瘤的侵袭性出现了显着降低!病理切片结果也表明,相比对照组,组合疗法几乎“完全杜绝了转移的发生”。

染色结果证实,一些癌细胞成功被转化成了脂肪细胞。


在组合疗法的作用下,绿色的癌细胞被转化成了红色的脂肪细胞

更为可喜的是,利用真实患者肿瘤生成的嫁接模型,这一疗法的长期效果也得到了验证。在组合疗法的作用下,癌细胞无法入侵周围的组织,也无法向远处发生转移。

“这些处于EMT阶段的乳腺癌细胞不仅能分化成脂肪细胞,还彻底停止了增殖,”本研究的通讯作者Gerhard Christofori教授说道:“从我们的长期组织培养结果来看,那些由癌细胞转化而来的脂肪细胞不会再变回癌细胞。”


本研究的图示

关于这一疗法,研究人员们猜测,它有望阻止肿瘤对常规化疗产生耐药性。接下来,他们希望能将这一组合疗法与化疗联用,进一步观察效果。此外,他们也期望在更多的癌症类型中测试这一方法。需要注意的是,这一疗法目前仅在小鼠实验中得到了验证。我们期待早日看到人类试验的积极结果。

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    2019-05-03 zhaojie88
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    2019-01-17 yxch36
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    2019-01-16 kafei

    学习学习谢谢

    0

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    2019-01-15 Janeinair

    这种思路可以

    0

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    2019-01-15 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

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