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MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep:SARS-CoV2B.1.1.529(Omicron)变异株流行前后≥18岁成人感染与住院情况

2022-03-06 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

新冠肺炎疫苗可以有效地预防感染导致新冠肺炎的SARS-CoV-2病毒,以及缓解相关的严重后果。

   新冠肺炎疫苗可以有效地预防感染导致新冠肺炎的SARS-CoV-2病毒,以及缓解相关的严重后果。与没有接种疫苗的人相比,完全接种疫苗的人感染SARS-CoV-2和与新冠肺炎相关的住院的风险更低,在接受额外或加强剂量(加强针)的人中更加明显。虽然B.1.1.529(Omicron)变种比以前的SARS-CoV-2变种传播更快,但最近的研究表明,与B.1.617.2(Delta)变种相比,Omicron的疾病严重程度较低。

   洛杉矶公共卫生部使用新冠肺炎监测和加州免疫登记的数据,描述了2021年11月7日至2022年1月8日期间,新冠肺炎接种状况和变异占主导地位的年龄调整后的14天累积发病率和住院率。在截至2021年12月11日,也就是三角洲疫情占优势的最后一周的14天内,未接种疫苗的人的发病率和住院率分别是接种疫苗者的12.3倍和83.0倍,是未接种疫苗者的3.8倍和12.9倍。在Omicron占优势时期(截至2022年1月8日的一周),这些比率较低,未接种疫苗的人的感染率和住院率分别是完全接种疫苗的人的3.6倍和23.0倍,是完全接种疫苗的人的2.0倍和5.3倍。此外,在整个分析期间,未接种疫苗的人比没有或有加强疫苗的完全接种的人更有可能住进重症监护病房(ICU)、机械通气插管和死亡(p<0.001)。在整个分析期间,未接种疫苗的人比完全接种疫苗的人更有可能入院重症监护病房(ICU)、机械通气插管和死亡(p<0.001)。未接种疫苗的人的发病率和住院率一直是最高的,而完全接种疫苗的人的发病率和住院率最低。及时接种新冠肺炎疫苗对于预防SARS-CoV-2感染和相关住院至关重要。

   LACDPH在2021年11月7日-2022年1月8日对≥18岁的患者进行了横断面分析,这些居民经实验室确认感染了SARS-CoV-2(核酸扩增或抗原测试结果为SARS-CoV-2阳性)。从2021年8月中旬到2021年11月奥米克龙出现,拥有测序样本的LAC居民中几乎100%的SARS-CoV-2感染是由Delta变异引起的。在拉丁美洲已知的最早的Omicron变异感染是在2021年11月最后一周收集的样本中确定的。随着Omicron在LAC出现,Delta流行率在截至12月11日的一周内下降了95%。在截至12月18日的一周内,Omicron成为LAC的主要SARS-CoV-2变异株,占所有测序样本的57%;Omicron流行率继续上升,占截至2022年1月8日的一周所有测序样本的99%。

   在2021年11月7日至2022年1月8日期间,422,966名18岁本地居民感染≥冠状病毒,其中141,928人(33.6%)为未接种疫苗者,56,185人(13.3%)为完全接种疫苗者,224,853人(53.2%)为未接种疫苗者。未接种疫苗的人最有可能住院(2.8%),住ICU(0.5%),需要插管进行机械通气(0.2%);这些结果在完全接种疫苗的人(分别为0.7%,0.08%和0.03%)和完全接种疫苗的人(分别为1.0%,0.12%和0.05%)中较少见(p<0.001)。未接种疫苗的人(0.3%)比完全接种疫苗的人(0.07%)或不接种疫苗的人(0.08%)死亡的可能性更大(p<0.001)。

   在三角洲流行的最后一周(截至12月11日的一周),年龄调整后的14天累积发病率和住院率在未接种疫苗的人中最高(每10万人分别为443.9和45.9%),而在完全接种疫苗和完全接种疫苗的人中较低(分别为36.1和0.60)和未接种疫苗的人(分别为115.9和3.6%)。随着奥美康的流行,所有人群中年龄调整后的发病率和住院率都有所增加,无论接种情况如何,与三角洲优势时期的发病率相比(图1)。截至2022年1月8日,年龄调整后的14天累积发病率和住院率在未接种疫苗的人中仍然最高(6743.5/10万和187.8/10万),在完全接种疫苗的人中最低(分别为1889.0和8.2%),在完全接种疫苗的人中最低(分别为3355.5和35.4)。

   总体而言,在2021年11月7日至2022年1月8日期间,未接种疫苗的人的发病率和住院率最高。在三角洲疫情占优势的最后一周,未接种疫苗的人的发病率和住院率分别是未接种疫苗的人的12.3倍和83.0倍(图2),未接种疫苗的人的发病率和住院率分别是未接种疫苗的人的3.8倍和12.9倍(图2),在三角洲流行的最后一周,未接种疫苗的人的发病率和住院率分别是未接种疫苗的人的12.3倍和83.0倍(图2)。截至2022年1月8日,在Omicron占优势期间,这两种情况下的感染率和住院率都较低,未接种疫苗的人的感染率和住院率分别是接种疫苗的人的3.6倍和23.0倍,以及未接种疫苗的人的2.0倍和5.3倍。

   这些发现结果表明接种新冠肺炎疫苗可以预防由SARS-CoV-2变种引起的严重新冠肺炎,包括奥米克戎。推广新冠肺炎疫苗接种和加强剂的努力对于防止与新冠肺炎相关的住院和严重后果至关重要。正在进行的新冠肺炎监测与疫苗接种和SARS-CoV-2变异基因组测序数据有数据联系,对于监测疫苗有效性和加强对加强疫苗的保护至关重要,特别是在奥米克戎占主导地位的时期。

表 ≥18岁(N=422,966)居民感染SARS-CoV-2病例的特征,按接种状况分类--加利福尼亚州洛杉矶县,2021年11月7日-2022年1月8日

图1.年龄调整后的连续14天的SARS-CoV-2累积发病率*(A)和住院率(B),按接种状况分列--加利福尼亚州洛杉矶县,2021年11月7日-2022年1月8日

图2.年龄调整后的连续14天与SARS-CoV-2相关的发病率比率*(A)和住院率比率(B),按接种状况分列--加利福尼亚州洛杉矶县,2021年11月7日-2022年1月8日

原文出处: Danza P,  Koo TH,  Haddix M,et al.SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hospitalization Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years, by Vaccination Status, Before and During SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Predominance - Los Angeles County, California, November 7, 2021-January 8, 2022.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022 Feb 04;71(5)

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    2023-01-13 hukaixun
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    2022-08-04 xjy02
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    2022-02-26 zhaojie88
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1858013, encodeId=23ec185801301, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f48525849' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRO#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5258, encryptionId=3f48525849, topicName=CRO)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c30265, createdName=jiafufeng@yaho, createdTime=Thu Jun 09 02:15:08 CST 2022, time=2022-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1938089, encodeId=1d63193808926, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=02de15902d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SARS-CoV#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15902, encryptionId=02de15902d3, topicName=SARS-CoV)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Fri Jan 13 16:15:08 CST 2023, time=2023-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2084705, encodeId=b6a92084e05c2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=61f411e013b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Micro#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11701, encryptionId=61f411e013b, topicName=Micro)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d59291, createdName=xjy02, createdTime=Thu Aug 04 05:15:08 CST 2022, time=2022-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1321359, encodeId=b20d132135928, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ac0d159007f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SARS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15900, encryptionId=ac0d159007f, topicName=SARS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Sat Feb 26 04:15:08 CST 2022, time=2022-02-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1342979, encodeId=7b6013429e976, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34cb381023e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38102, encryptionId=34cb381023e, topicName=变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=78c32500188, createdName=12498dabm77暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Feb 26 04:15:08 CST 2022, time=2022-02-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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