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Nature:科学家发现使血液移植更安全的方法-靶向破坏干细胞

2019-12-05 王昭月 生物探索

想象一下,一家酒店的主人想驱赶一些客人,选择炸毁整个酒店,这显然是不可取的,而现行的干细胞移植法就是这样的道理,治疗过程中会损害身体其他重要的细胞。为了提高血液移植的安全性,科学家们正在试验选择性地破坏人体的造血细胞,并取得一定的进展,《nature》基于对不同类型血液干细胞产生的蛋白质的理解,对靶向干细胞法进行阐述。

想象一下,一家酒店的主人想驱赶一些客人,选择炸毁整个酒店,这显然是不可取的,而现行的干细胞移植法就是这样的道理,治疗过程中会损害身体其他重要的细胞。为了提高血液移植的安全性,科学家们正在试验选择性地破坏人体的造血细胞,并取得一定的进展,《nature》基于对不同类型血液干细胞产生的蛋白质的理解,对靶向干细胞法进行阐述。

血液干细胞移植的工作原理:有缺陷的造血细胞被健康的造血细胞(来自捐赠者或患者自身)替代,目前主要借助放疗、化疗等手段杀死现有的血液干细胞,为移植细胞重新植入骨髓扫清道路,但是这可能导致血癌、自身免疫性疾病等。而目前,研究者们提出了新的靶向方法,即根除特定的干细胞,为移植细胞腾出空间,且不盲目破坏骨髓细胞。新的干细胞被移植前,骨髓(紫色)中的血液干细胞(蓝色)被清除。

在血液学会议上,Forty Seven公司提到2种抗体,一种是可以阻止c-Kit分子活性的抗体,这种分子存在于血液干细胞中;另一种抗体则可以抑制CD47蛋白,这种蛋白存在于一些免疫细胞中,在猴子身上测试这两种抗体组合的研究结果。

发现抑制CD47可以使这些免疫细胞清除被c-Kit抗体靶向的干细胞,从而提高其有效性。在试验中,这种组合减少了骨髓中血液干细胞的数量,但研究小组还未证明这种疗法是否有助于移植细胞的繁殖。

马萨诸塞州剑桥市的Massachusetts公司与美国国立卫生研究院合作,发现另一种抗体,它能够与c-Kit结合,然后释放出一种毒素,杀死产生这种蛋白的血液干细胞。通过对小鼠和一只猴子的研究,数据表明,这可以杀死足够多的骨髓干细胞,保证移植的细胞茁壮成长,且不会破坏其他细胞,如免疫细胞。

加利福尼亚州斯坦福大学移植内科医生Judith Shizuru领导的研究小组,与加利福尼亚州Amgen of Thousand Oaks公司合作,研究针对c-Kit的第三种抗体。他们对6个患有遗传疾病(可以削弱免疫系统)的婴儿也已经采用了靶向血液干细胞移植,发现来自健康捐赠者的干细胞成功在4个婴儿骨髓中扎根。

越来越多的数据表明,一些1型糖尿病、系统性硬皮病和其他免疫系统疾病患者们,如果其骨髓中的成熟免疫细胞被自己的造血干细胞取代,那么他们的病情就会得到缓解。北卡罗来纳州达勒姆市杜克大学干细胞移植医生Keith Sullivan说,这种方法被认为是通过消灭对人体自身组织有攻击性的细胞,进而重置免疫系统。

对于酒店驱逐客人一事,最新的方法是主人让特定的客人离开,同理,靶向破坏人体造血细胞就是通过瞄准骨髓中的部分细胞,而不是把它们全部杀死。

这种技术也用于基因疗法,如β-地中海贫血、镰状细胞病等血液疾病,对它们的治疗有很大的意义。此外,Sullivan与该领域的研究人员们讨论,指出如何正确开展此类研究是关键性问题。

原始出处:
Heidi Ledford.Targeted Stem-Cell Attack Could Make Transplants Safer .Nature , 576 (7785), 18-19 Dec 2019 ,PMID: 31796906 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-03601-5

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    2020-02-29 liye789132251
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    2019-12-08 独孤立克

    干细胞是热点,但是进入临床仍然需要时间和临床疗效验证哦

    0

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    2019-12-07 1228a7e6m33暂无昵称

    能治疗干燥综合症吗

    0

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