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JAMA临床指南概要:前列腺癌筛查

2015-12-21 张福奎 译 医学论坛网

临床问题总结前列腺癌是美国最常诊断的非皮肤恶性肿瘤,每年有233000例男性受累,是美国男性第二大常见的癌症相关死因1。由于局部病灶适合于根治性局部治疗,而转移性前列腺癌的5年生存率为20%~25%,因此,早期诊断以降低总死亡率是目标。前列腺特异性抗原于1994年被批准用于筛查无症状男性的前列腺癌。PSA筛查结合直肠指检(DRE),已使前列腺癌的检出增加,许多人认为这是过去20年内前列腺癌相关



临床问题总结

前列腺癌是美国最常诊断的非皮肤恶性肿瘤,每年有233000例男性受累,是美国男性第二大常见的癌症相关死因1。由于局部病灶适合于根治性局部治疗,而转移性前列腺癌的5年生存率为20%~25%,因此,早期诊断以降低总死亡率是目标。前列腺特异性抗原于1994年被批准用于筛查无症状男性的前列腺癌。PSA筛查结合直肠指检(DRE),已使前列腺癌的检出增加,许多人认为这是过去20年内前列腺癌相关死亡减少40%的直接原因2。然而,广泛进行PSA筛查,也导致男性中因无临床意义疾病而接受诊断和治疗者剧增2。

指南来源特征

USPSTF是一个由预防和循证医学专家组成的独立志愿者小组,工作组包括初级医疗临床医师及方法学和健康行为方面的专家。USPSTF指南的制定与AHRQ所发起的一项系统评价协调一致。2011年10月至12月期间,发布电子版草案供公众评论。推荐意见独立于美国政府,而且不代表任何机构的官方立场(表)3。



AUA委任一个独立的多学科小组,对1995-2013年期间有关前列腺癌检出和筛查方面的文献,进行一项系统评价和荟萃分析4。由专家小组事先制定系统评价方案,由参考馆员和方法学家制定检索策略,该检索应用了多个数据库。

两个小组均公开报告了有关财政、职业和知识性潜在利益冲突的信息披露。

证据基础

有5项随机试验评估了基于PSA检测的前列腺癌筛查效益。其中3项试验被认为存在发生偏倚的高危险5,因而其余2项大规模研究成为目前推荐意见的基础。欧洲筛查前列腺癌随机研究(ERSPC)将182000名来自欧洲8个国家、年龄为50~74岁的男性随机分至筛查组和无干预组,主要终点为前列腺癌死亡率6。值得注意的是,筛查间隔不一致,长短视各个国家而定,间隔范围为2~4年。此外,在不同的国家,用于进行活检的(PSA)阈值也存在差异。在受邀参与研究的男性中,76%接受了首次筛查,在被随机分至放弃筛查(组)的男性中,31%接受了至少1次PSA检测7。在随访13年后,随机分至筛查组男性中的前列腺癌发生率率比为1.57(95%CI为1.51~1.62),前列腺癌死亡率率比为0.79(95%CI为0.69~0.91)。为预防1例前列腺癌死亡,需要筛查的人数为781名(95%CI为490~1929),而需要诊断27例(95%CI为17~66)男性,才能预防1例前列腺癌死亡。

前列腺、肺、结直肠和卵巢癌筛查试验,将76000名来自美国10家医学中心、年龄为55~74岁的男性随机分组,一组每年筛查1次、共筛查6年(加上进行4年DRE的筛查),给另一组的推荐意见是不进行筛查8。在随机分组之前的3年内,超过40%的男性曾经接受过1次PSA检测,与当时的广泛筛查情况相一致。随机分组后,在被分至不进行筛查组的男性中,大约有50%最终接受了至少1次PSA检测。在随访13年时,随机分至筛查组男性中的前列腺癌发生率率比为1.12(95%CI为1.07~1.17),前列腺癌死亡率率比为1.09(95%CI为0.87~1.36),表明缺乏筛查获益。

获益和危害

ERSPC数据提示,PSA筛查的主要获益包括使(癌症)转移危险降低了30%(95%CI为18%~40%),癌症特定死亡率降低了21%(95%CI为9%~31%)。尚无数据证实全因死亡率方面的获益6。

(前列腺癌筛查)存在相当大的局限性和潜在危害。在每5名接受筛查的男性中,最终大约有1名被查出PSA水平异常升高,在因PSA水平升高接受活检的男性中,有3/4未诊断为癌症,这表明假阳性率较高。在诊断为癌症的男性中,50%~75%患有低级别疾病(格里森评分≤6),引起症状性或转移性疾病的威胁极小。而且,活检为有创性,可能与疼痛、焦虑以及高达5%的感染危险相关9。此外,所有前列腺癌治疗都存在引起泌尿系统、性(生活)和肠道相关症状的显着危险。最后,前列腺癌筛查及其下游效应还可产生相当大的卫生保健支出和成本。

讨论

在医学文献和大众媒体中,PSA筛查是一个有争议的辩论领域。反对筛查者宣称,基于人群的(筛查)危害发生危险,超过了(筛查带来的)些许获益,因此,应一致阻止进行PSA筛查。而支持者认为,过去20年内观察到的美国经年龄校正的前列腺癌死亡率下降,约45%~70%归因于筛查10。

任何指南声明的力度从根本上说依赖于可用数据的质量,数据的缺陷或可解释USPSTF和AUA指南之间的不一致。两大指南均承认美国的筛查模式已经不适用,需要修改,一致同意应该放弃无检测前咨询的、基于社区的筛查,应很少对年龄≥70岁的男性进行筛查,对于估计寿命<10~15年者,应阻止其接受筛查,对于1次PSA升高的结果,应该敦促其重复检测,并且,对于(筛查得出的)前列腺癌诊断,不应条件反射性地直接进行治疗。

两部指南一致认为,对于一些即使不诊断或者不治疗也永远不会引起健康问题的癌症,目前的筛查策略导致其过度诊断和治疗。为了解决这一问题,USPSTF指南劝所有男性不要接受PSA筛查,相比之下,AUA指南推荐共同决策,将筛查限制于一定的年龄范围内,并且延长筛查间隔。



未来研究或正在进行的研究需要关注的领域

正在对策略进行评估,以补充PSA检测。任何可接受的前列腺癌筛查检测,必须通过减少假阳性结果的数量,使过度检出最小化,限制活检数量,并且能够更准确地识别出高级别(格里森评分≥7)的癌症。这些新方法包括PCA3(基于RNA的尿液检测),前列腺健康指数,4K评分(血清检测),以及多参数的磁共振成像技术。需要共同决策的新方法,这是因为在初级医疗诊所的工作流程内,深入讨论这一复杂的决定,并非总是可行的。旨在将过度治疗最小化的策略包括,对大多数低级别以及一些中等级别的癌症进行主动监测,对用于诊断的活检组织进行基因组分析,以癌症而不是整个前列腺为靶点的消融治疗(局部治疗)。

[JAMA2015,Vol314(8):825-826]

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    2016-01-13 Lynee劲飞扬

    无敌

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1634836, encodeId=1cbc163483670, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9e7e3254ef1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#前列腺癌筛查#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32547, encryptionId=9e7e3254ef1, topicName=前列腺癌筛查)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ddf122300708, createdName=124984e7m90暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Nov 08 02:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1744468, encodeId=f7cc1e44468c0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b5dc228320b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22832, encryptionId=b5dc228320b, topicName=临床指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=943c35414419, createdName=kcb081, createdTime=Wed Mar 23 02:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56972, encodeId=3447569e2e3, content=无敌, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160113/IMG569619FEB03536446.jpg, createdBy=85f81678980, createdName=Lynee劲飞扬, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 17:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48767, encodeId=e6ae48e67dd, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=161, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 07:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48160, encodeId=95244816037, content=值得收藏,学习,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 15:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47768, encodeId=6a5b4e7680f, content=相比穿刺活检,PSA筛查较为可取,至少在很长一段时间内会如此。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=211, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLAibgOibuZnfdFE64hJHibbD6WwEgyaXx7DtibMOSicJ6JZoLEAIdAdkhDmHWO7P7OXg2tkTicZy9libryicw/0, createdBy=aa991670466, createdName=sword20000, createdTime=Fri Dec 25 21:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47031, encodeId=10654e031b7, content=赞?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=58d871132, createdName=ran2233, createdTime=Tue Dec 22 09:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47013, encodeId=7f944e01336, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=157, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=d0911672410, createdName=1de14ca4m57(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Dec 21 21:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-27 wzf990214

    赞一个

    0

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    2015-12-26 hixiaoluo

    值得收藏,学习,谢谢分享

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1634836, encodeId=1cbc163483670, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9e7e3254ef1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#前列腺癌筛查#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32547, encryptionId=9e7e3254ef1, topicName=前列腺癌筛查)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ddf122300708, createdName=124984e7m90暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Nov 08 02:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1744468, encodeId=f7cc1e44468c0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b5dc228320b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22832, encryptionId=b5dc228320b, topicName=临床指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=943c35414419, createdName=kcb081, createdTime=Wed Mar 23 02:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56972, encodeId=3447569e2e3, content=无敌, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160113/IMG569619FEB03536446.jpg, createdBy=85f81678980, createdName=Lynee劲飞扬, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 17:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48767, encodeId=e6ae48e67dd, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=161, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 07:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48160, encodeId=95244816037, content=值得收藏,学习,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 15:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47768, encodeId=6a5b4e7680f, content=相比穿刺活检,PSA筛查较为可取,至少在很长一段时间内会如此。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=211, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLAibgOibuZnfdFE64hJHibbD6WwEgyaXx7DtibMOSicJ6JZoLEAIdAdkhDmHWO7P7OXg2tkTicZy9libryicw/0, createdBy=aa991670466, createdName=sword20000, createdTime=Fri Dec 25 21:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47031, encodeId=10654e031b7, content=赞?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=58d871132, createdName=ran2233, createdTime=Tue Dec 22 09:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47013, encodeId=7f944e01336, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=157, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=d0911672410, createdName=1de14ca4m57(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Dec 21 21:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-25 sword20000

    相比穿刺活检,PSA筛查较为可取,至少在很长一段时间内会如此。

    0

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    2015-12-22 ran2233

    赞?

    0

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