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2010版《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》精粹与点评(王贵强)

2011-03-25 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

作者:王贵强 来源:中国医学论坛报    在慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗药物部分,与2005版《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》(以下简称《指南》)相比,2010版《指南》增加了两种新的抗病毒治疗药物;提出了抗病毒治疗药物的疗效预测和优化治疗的概念;更加重视对抗病毒治疗相关不良反应的预防和监测。在本版,我们摘要刊登2010版《指南》中的干扰素(IFN)α治疗与核苷(酸)类似物(NA)治疗两部分的内容。

作者:王贵强 来源:中国医学论坛报

   在慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗药物部分,与2005版《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》(以下简称《指南》)相比,2010版《指南》增加了两种新的抗病毒治疗药物;提出了抗病毒治疗药物的疗效预测和优化治疗的概念;更加重视对抗病毒治疗相关不良反应的预防和监测。在本版,我们摘要刊登2010版《指南》中的干扰素(IFN)α治疗与核苷(酸)类似物(NA)治疗两部分的内容。并邀请北京大学第一附属医院感染疾病科暨肝病中心王贵强教授进行点评。敬请关注。

     干扰素α治疗

  我国已批准普通IFNα(2a、2b和1b)和聚乙二醇干扰素α(2a和2b,即Peg-IFNα-2a和Peg-IFNα-2b)用于治疗慢性乙型肝炎。

  IFNα抗病毒疗效的预测因素

  ● 预测因素:包括治疗前的丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平较高;HBV DNA<2×108 copies/ml(<4×107 IU /ml);女性;病程短;非母婴传播;肝组织炎症坏死较重,纤维化程度轻;治疗依从性好;无丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)或人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)合并感染;HBV基因A型;治疗12周或24周时,血清HBV DNA不能检出。这些都是可获得较好疗效的预测因素(Ⅱ)。其中基线 ALT、HBV DNA水平和HBV基因型是预测疗效的重要因素。研究表明,在Peg-IFNα-2a 治疗过程中,定量检测乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)水平或乙肝e抗原(HBeAg)水平对治疗应答有较好的预测价值。

  IFNα的不良反应及其处理

  ● 流感样症候群:表现为发热、寒战、头痛、肌肉酸痛和乏力等,可在睡前注射IFNα,或在注射IFNα同时服用解热镇痛药。

  ● 一过性外周血细胞减少:主要表现为外周血白细胞(中性粒细胞) 和血小板减少。如中性粒细胞绝对计数≤0.75×109/L和(或)血小板<50×109/L,应减小IFNα剂量;1~2周后复查,如恢复,则逐渐增加至原剂量。如中性粒细胞绝对计数≤0.5×109/L和(或)血小板<30×109/L,则应停药。对中性粒细胞明显减少者,可试用粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)或粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM- CSF) 进行治疗(Ⅲ)。

  ● 精神异常:可表现为抑郁、妄想、重度焦虑等精神病症状,对症状严重者,应及时停用IFNα,必要时与神经精神科医师一同进行进一步的诊治。

  ● 自身免疫性疾病:一些患者可出现自身抗体,仅少部分患者出现甲状腺疾病(甲状腺功能减退或亢进)、糖尿病、血小板减少、银屑病、白斑、类风湿关节炎和系统性红斑狼疮样综合征等,应请相关科室医师会诊共同诊治,严重者应停药。

  ● 其他少见的不良反应:包括肾脏损害(间质性肾炎、肾病综合征和急性肾衰竭等)、心血管并发症 (心律失常、缺血性心脏病和心肌病等)、视网膜病变、听力下降和间质性肺炎等,发生这些不良反应,应停止IFNα治疗。

  IFN治疗的禁忌证

  ● 绝对禁忌证包括:妊娠、精神病史 (如严重抑郁症)、未能控制的癫痫、未戒断的酗酒或吸毒者、未经控制的自身免疫性疾病、失代偿期肝硬化及有症状的心脏病。

  ● 相对禁忌证包括:甲状腺疾病、视网膜病、银屑病、既往抑郁症史,未控制的糖尿病、高血压,治疗前中性粒细胞计数<1.0×109/L和(或)血小板计数<50×109/L,总胆红素>51 μmol/L(特别是以间接胆红素为主者)。

  核苷(酸)类药物治疗

  目前已应用于临床的抗HBV治疗的NA药物有5种,包括拉米夫定、阿德福韦酯、恩替卡韦、替比夫定和替诺福韦酯,其中替诺福韦酯在我国尚未被批准上市。

  NA治疗的疗效预测和优化治疗

  ● 有研究表明,除基线因素外,治疗早期病毒学应答情况可预测长期疗效和耐药发生率。国外学者据此提出了NA药物治疗慢性乙型肝炎的路线图概念,强调治疗早期病毒学应答的重要性,并提倡根据HBV DNA监测结果进行优化治疗。但是,各种药物的最佳监测时间点和判断临界值可能有所不同。而且,对于应答不充分者,采用何种治疗策略和方法更有效,尚需要前瞻性临床研究来验证。

  密切关注患者治疗依从性问题

  ● 应密切关注患者的用药剂量、使用方法、是否有漏用药物或自行停药等情况,应确保患者已经了解随意停药可能导致的风险,提高患者依从性。

  少见、罕见不良反应的预防和处理

  ● NA总体安全性和患者耐受性良好,但在临床应用中确有少见、罕见严重不良反应发生,如肾功能不全、肌炎、横纹肌溶解、乳酸酸中毒等,应引起关注。

  ● 建议治疗前仔细询问相关病史,以减少风险。对治疗中出现血肌酐、肌酸激酶或乳酸脱氢酶明显升高,并伴相应临床表现如全身情况变差、明显肌痛、肌无力等症状的患者,应密切观察,一旦确诊为尿毒症、肌炎、横纹肌溶解或乳酸酸中毒等,应及时停药或改用其他药物,并给予积极的相应治疗干预措施。 

  ■专家点评

  抗病毒治疗药物的更新

  北京大学第一医院感染疾病科暨肝病中心 王贵强

  在2010版《指南》中,抗病毒治疗药物部分对原有药物拉米夫定、阿德福韦酯、恩替卡韦和Peg -IFNα-2a相关的最新临床研究数据进行了补充,同时还增加了2006年后在我国上市的替比夫定和Peg-IFNα-2b。对已经在美国和欧洲上市的治疗慢性乙型肝炎的替诺福韦酯进行了简要介绍。

  IFNα应用的推荐更新

  近年的临床研究数据显示,在Peg-IFNα-2a治疗过程中,定量检测HBsAg水平或HBeAg水平对治疗应答有较好的预测价值,值得深入研究。2010版《指南》对此也建议为进一步研究。

  2010版《指南》有关IFNα治疗绝对禁忌证有所改变,将“治疗前中性粒细胞计数<1.0×109/L和(或)血小板计数<50×109/L,总胆红素>51 μmol/L(特别是以间接胆红素为主者)”放在“相对禁忌证中”。其他内容仍保留2005年版《指南》的内容。

  更注重优化治疗策略

  2010版《指南》继续强调在治疗过程中的监测和随访,以保证临床治疗过程的安全性和有效性,降低疾病进展风险。

  个体化治疗或优化治疗策略是任何疾病治疗的基本原则。2010版《指南》根据现有循证医学证据,明确提出了“预测疗效和优化治疗”的概念,肯定了“治疗早期病毒学应答情况可预测其长期疗效和耐药发生率”,并提倡根据HBV DNA监测结果给予优化治疗。2010版《指南》同时也提出,关于各种药物的个体化治疗策略,应根据其各自的研究结果进行相应的优化治疗。当然,对于应答不充分者的治疗策略,尚有待前瞻性临床研究的验证。

  2010版《指南》进一步强调了患者治疗依从性的问题,因为依从性是确保疗效、减少耐药和减少停药导致疾病恶化的重要环节。

  关注抗病毒治疗相关不良反应

  随着抗病毒药物的广泛应用,临床出现了一些少见甚至罕见的不良反应,并引起了关注。2010版《指南》对NA治疗相关不良反应的预防和处理专门进行了说明,明确其总体安全性和患者耐受性良好,但个别患者也会出现肾功能不全、肌炎、横纹肌溶解、乳酸酸中毒等严重不良反应。一旦出现,则应立即停药或改用其他药物,并给予积极的相应治疗干预。

  应该强调的是,临床医师可通过在治疗前仔细询问病史,治疗期间监测血肌酐、肌酸激酶或乳酸脱氢酶等,以及时发现和处理上述严重不良反应。但是,不良反应不应该影响到临床抗病毒治疗药物的应用,同时需要向患者说明情况,以保证患者对治疗的依从性和及时发现可能的不良反应。 

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1825567, encodeId=1888182556e7d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1a942339426' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乙型肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23394, encryptionId=1a942339426, topicName=乙型肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ea6321, createdName=okhuali, createdTime=Wed Jul 13 14:47:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2055120, encodeId=a3372055120ef, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dc878124826' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肝炎防治#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81248, encryptionId=dc878124826, topicName=肝炎防治)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/xkicoVBAnV4HxvdCqC1viaW8wdLQdN9hVP9icgqqDsxC6UVPjfhogdfc2iaU1xNUMVlFl5QicicWrjWQBTsVye5ngOQQ/132, createdBy=f92f2500185, createdName=ms7405317358118777, createdTime=Thu Mar 31 03:47:00 CST 2011, time=2011-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2029242, encodeId=bf2d20292423e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8fa96835983' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#王贵强#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68359, encryptionId=8fa96835983, topicName=王贵强)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d4902500082, createdName=1249883fm12暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Jul 14 15:47:00 CST 2011, time=2011-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2078291, encodeId=3a3820e82919e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b6c09e42962' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#防治指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97429, encryptionId=b6c09e42962, topicName=防治指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=322359, createdName=bioon3, createdTime=Sun Apr 17 01:47:00 CST 2011, time=2011-04-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271219, encodeId=7bb412e121923, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d745346316' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#慢性乙型肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53463, encryptionId=3d745346316, topicName=慢性乙型肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaP1mV9qBwx5tE2F4xcG1r4x1PibWvluIFLB8VsViakqNMBia2Z0wFibVrYwDEILvHB1OomzzTAAGy5MVl5BrdEv9Bw/132, createdBy=e11f100, createdName=guguangxiang, createdTime=Sun Mar 27 13:47:00 CST 2011, time=2011-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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