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Nat Genet:新研究揭示痛风的遗传风险因素

2019-10-09 佚名 中国生物技术网

痛风是一种体内尿酸代谢紊乱导致关节沉积尿酸结晶的一种关节病。具有多并发症、 病程长、发作剧烈等特点。多发于男性,且目前难治愈。

痛风是一种体内尿酸代谢紊乱导致关节沉积尿酸结晶的一种关节病。具有多并发症、 病程长、发作剧烈等特点。多发于男性,且目前难治愈。

根据《2017年中国痛风现状报告白皮书》显示,我国高尿酸血症患者人数已达1.7亿,其中痛风患者超过8000万人,而且正以每年9.7%的年增长率迅速增加。预计2020年,痛风人数将达到1亿。现今痛风已经成为我国仅次于糖尿病的第二大代谢类疾病,是不可忽视的健康警示。

近日,发表在《Nature Genetics》上的一项研究中,来自美国约翰霍普金斯大学布隆伯格公共卫生学院的研究人员使用全基因组关联研究(GWAS)的方法,阐明了会导致痛风的高水平血清尿酸的遗传基础。它将为开发痛风风险筛查以及潜在的新治疗方法提供了重要信息。

在这项研究中,研究人员结合了参与74项研究的457690名个体的DNA和血清尿酸数据,确定了基因组中的183个基因座(位点),其中DNA变异与高尿酸盐水平密切相关。这些位点中的绝大多数(147个)在之前的研究中未被发现。研究人员将许多位点定位到特定的基因,发现在肝细胞和肾细胞、尿酸盐的产生和排泄位点中,有很大一部分是活跃的。研究还表明,183个与尿酸盐相关的基因位点可以用来预测超过30万人的痛风风险。

该研究通讯作者、布隆伯格学院流行病学系助理研究员Adrienne Tin博士说:“这些发现可能有助于开发痛风风险的筛查方法,让患者可以通过改变饮食来避免疾病的发生。我们发现的与尿酸有关的基因变异和生物学途径也有助于寻找治疗痛风的新方法。”

当尿酸在血液中的浓度过高并沉淀成晶体时,痛风就会发生,最常见于关节处。这些晶体会引发疼痛的炎症,尤其是在脚趾。16世纪时,痛风困扰着英格兰国王亨利八世和许多其他历史人物,并一度被称为“国王的疾病”,因为它的发生建立在过去通常只有非常富有的人才能获得的饮食结构中。尿酸盐是嘌呤分子的分解产物,相比于素食,在肉类或贝类等大量饮食中发现的尿酸盐分子要多得多。含酒精的饮料,尤其是啤酒,其嘌呤含量也非常高。由于许多国家的饮食越来越丰富,痛风在世界各地的流行率也一直在上升。

Tin团队的荟萃分析包括了288649名欧洲人、125725名东亚人、33671名非裔美国人、9037名南亚人,以及608名西班牙人的数据,总共涉及457690人。在人类基因组上的183个位点中,DNA变异与高血清尿酸水平密切相关,但在先前的研究中仅发现了36个。

研究团队分析了183个基因位点,得出了高血清尿酸的遗传风险评分。然后,他们将风险评分系统应用于来自英国医学研究数据库的334880人的独立样本中,发现评分根据他们患痛风的几率准确地对他们进行了分级。在三个最高风险评分类别中,3.5%的人患痛风的几率是最常见风险评分类别的三倍多。这类似于某些经典的单基因疾病所带来的疾病风险。

为了了解183个位点的生物学意义,研究人员将这些基因映射于已知基因,并发现其中许多基因通常在肾脏、尿道和肝脏中均具有活性,这反映了肾脏和肝脏在调节血清尿酸水平中的重要作用。更详细的分析揭示了114种特定的具有尿酸风险的DNA变体,通常存在于肾脏和肝脏中已知具有尿酸盐处理功能的基因中。

Tin说:“我们强调的这些基因变体现在可以做进一步研究,以确定它们是如何导致高尿酸水平的,并确定它们是否是治疗痛风的良好靶点。”

血液尿酸水平高与包括胆固醇在内的其他重要分子的血液水平高相关,这项研究结果也阐明了这种联系的原因。该研究中发现的一个明显的风险基因HNF4A,编码一种转录因子,已知该转录因子可调节胆固醇和甘油三酯水平。

Tin说:“我们通过细胞实验证实,这种转录因子也可以调节肾脏细胞中一种重要的尿酸盐转运蛋白ABCG2。”

原始出处:
Tin A1,2, Marten J3, Halperin Kuhns VL4, et al.Target genes, variants, tissues and transcriptional pathways influencing human serum urate levels.Nat Genet. 2019 Oct 2. doi: 10.1038/s41588-019-0504-x. [Epub ahead of print]

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    2020-07-03 cy0324
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    2020-02-11 liye789132251
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    2020-03-26 canlab
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