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Cell:抗病毒“新兵”打造人体**道防线 新机制为抗艾药物研发提供新途径

2019-01-25 辛雨 中国科学报

1月24日,中国科学院生物物理所研究员高光侠团队在《细胞》发表研究称,首次发现了新的宿主抗病毒因子,可抑制人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)蛋白质翻译过程中的程序性-1位核糖体移码,从而抑制病毒在细胞内复制。

由于体积的限制,病毒的基因组通常较小,携带的遗传信息也比较少。因此,病毒在复制过程中,需要利用特殊机制扩展其携带遗传信息的利用率。其中,程序性移码就是病毒常用的蛋白质合成重编码机制。

1月24日,中国科学院生物物理所研究员高光侠团队在《细胞》发表研究称,首次发现了新的宿主抗病毒因子,可抑制人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)蛋白质翻译过程中的程序性-1位核糖体移码,从而抑制病毒在细胞内复制。

程序性移码是病毒“弱点”

病毒的感染进程及致病性取决于病毒与宿主之间的相互作用。有些病毒感染宿主后可在体内持续存在,引起慢性传染性疾病,如HIV。它是逆转录病毒的一种,可感染人类免疫系统细胞,造成人类免疫系统缺陷,引起艾滋病。

程序性-1位核糖体移码是HIV等病毒及部分细胞mRNA使用的一种蛋白质合成重编码机制,即核糖体通过后退一个核苷酸改变阅读框,绕过终止密码子,以翻译更多遗传信息。

高光侠在接受《中国科学报》采访时表示,通过这种程序性移码机制,病毒能够以一条mRNA为模板,翻译产生两种不同的蛋白质,从而发挥不同的生物功能。

在与病毒长期共存、对抗的过程中,宿主会进化出许多抗病毒机制,寻找病毒可被攻击的弱点(靶点),从而阻碍病毒扩展其遗传信息。“因此,在宿主抗病毒的过程中,针对病毒的程序性移码过程,应该有一种抗病毒机制存在。”高光侠说。

新型抗病毒因子可攻击病毒“弱点”

天然免疫是人体抗击病原体的第一道防线,其中干扰素是天然免疫重要的作用分子。研究人员发现,干扰素处理HIV-1感染的细胞时,干扰素本身能够抑制HIV-1的程序性移码过程。

此外,由于干扰素可调控刺激ISGs基因的表达,因此研究人员猜测,干扰素很可能通过调控ISGs发挥作用。

接下来,通过对ISGs系列的近百个基因进行筛选,研究人员发现C19orf66基因的表达能够明显抑制HIV-1的程序性移码过程,研究人员将该基因命名为Shiftless,简称SFL。

“概括地讲,干扰素可以通过调控SFL的表达抑制HIV-1的程序性移码,进而抑制病毒的复制。”高光侠告诉《中国科学报》。

对此,中山大学医学院院长、病毒学家郭德银表示,病毒的程序性移码是一个严格调控的过程。相比既往研究主要关注病毒RNA本身结构、序列信号以及病毒蛋白对程序性移码的影响,SFL这一新型抗病毒因子的发现,填补了该领域的空白,是近年来的一个重大突破。

SFL有望助攻艾滋病治疗

程序性移码不仅存在于HIV中,在大肠杆菌、酵母及其他高等生物中也普遍存在。

为进一步研究新型抗病毒因子SFL抑制程序性移码的机制是否具有普遍性,研究人员测试了来源于不同病毒体内的程序性移码过程,发现SFL对这些病毒的程序性移码都有抑制作用。“因此,SFL是具有广谱特性的宿主抗病毒因子。”高光侠说。

研究人员表示,深入研究病毒与宿主之间复杂的相互作用,一方面有利于深入了解病毒的复制和致病机制,另一方面还能为临床诊疗和新药研发提供新的靶点和理论基础。

郭德银认为,SFL调控机制的发现有可能为研发抗艾滋病药物提供新的途径。

“首先,SFL蛋白本身有可能作为一种新的抗病毒蛋白,人们或许可以通过改变SFL在体内的表达,进而达到抗病毒的目的;其次,病毒程序性移码过程也可能作为潜在的药物靶点,用于系统筛选小分子抗病毒抑制剂,并有望研发出新型的抗病毒临床药物。”郭德银说。

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    2019-12-24 维他命
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    2019-01-27 yahu
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    2019-01-27 lqvr
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