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Nature反驳Science:得癌症不是因为“坏运气”!

2015-12-21 佚名 生物探索

导 语:本年度1月份Science上发表了一篇文章强调了某些组织的特异性癌症风险要高一些,它和该组织干细胞分裂寿命的数量之间有很强的相关性。而本月16日Nature上的一篇研究报导反驳了这个观点。认为对癌症风险的严重影响是外在因素。 之前Science上的文章得出的结论认为癌症的成因主要是 “坏运气”,无法避免和预防。西雅图Fred Hutchinson癌症研究中心研究癌症病因的John

导 语:本年度1月份Science上发表了一篇文章强调了某些组织的特异性癌症风险要高一些,它和该组织干细胞分裂寿命的数量之间有很强的相关性。而本月16日Nature上的一篇研究报导反驳了这个观点。认为对癌症风险的严重影响是外在因素。

之前Science上的文章得出的结论认为癌症的成因主要是 “坏运气”,无法避免和预防。西雅图Fred Hutchinson癌症研究中心研究癌症病因的John Potter说:“研究结果决定了我们是否花力气去预防。”

在Science的论文中,约翰霍普金斯大学的数学家Cristian Tomasetti和癌症研究员Bert Vogelstein计算了干细胞分裂的数量和在各种组织中的癌症风险之间的关系。细胞分裂的每一个例子都带来一个风险,即基因将被错误地复制,导致突变——其中一些可能有助于癌症发生。他们的分析发现:在一个给定的组织中发生越多的干细胞分裂,它就越有可能发生癌变。

Tomasetti和Vogelstein然后根据由于一些外在的因素,如环境暴露于致癌物多少导致干细胞分裂风险的变化来排序各种类型的癌症。作者认为,有虽然一些明显的环境相关性的癌症,如丙型肝炎感染造成的肝癌或由吸烟造成引起的肺癌,还有其他的变化可以用干细胞分裂缺陷来解释。只有在这种情况下,他们认为,早期发现和治疗将是更有效的预防。

一些研究人员并不接受这样的研究,在纽约州立大学石溪分校的癌症研究人员Yusuf Hannun说:“他们做的很有趣,但我被这一结论吓了一跳。”Hannun和他的同事们认为,Science 上发表的工作假定两变量: 内在的干细胞分裂率和外在因素是完全独立的。但如果环境风险影响干细胞分裂率(比如已知的辐射)结果,那该怎么办呢?
不同意见
Hannun和他的团队提供的证据表明,内在因素带来的癌症风险并不高(只有10 ~ 30%)。研究人员证明了干细胞分裂和癌症风险之间,在内在和外在因素的影响下的关系没有明显区分。研究表明,内源性突变积累的过程是不足以影响观察到的癌症风险的。

Hannun等还使用了其他的证据来确定环境因素对癌症风险的贡献。他们关注了一些流行病学数据,例如,那些从低风险地区迁移到高风险的人群,很快就发展出符合他们的新家的疾病。作者还研究了与某些癌症相关的基因突变的模式;例如,紫外线照射会制造出一个基因的突变。他们用其他的数学模型,在早期的工作中扩大了数据集,包括前列腺癌和乳腺癌,这是两种最常见的癌症。

该模型表明,在细胞分裂过程中的突变很少积累产生癌症的点,即使在某些组织中的细胞分裂率相对较高。在几乎所有的情况下,研究小组发现,在一些例子中,接触到致癌物或其他环境因素是引发疾病的必须条件。

总的来说他们的结论是:对癌症的风险的严重影响是外在因素。

Science上发表文章的Tomasetti反驳说,他不打算解释什么是癌症的产生原因。他说,他的分析是基于在健康的组织中正常的干细胞分裂,用来解释为什么有些癌症比其他的更普遍。他还认为,Hannun和他的同事们创建的模型做太多的假设,不能整合肿瘤的生长特点。

预防癌症的一些专家欢迎Nature的这篇文章,因为担心公众(包括科学研究的资助者)可能得出这样的结论:预防工作是不值得的,哈佛公共卫生学院研究癌症预防的Edward Giovannucci说:“不吸烟,你的肺腺癌的风险显著下降。事实上,你的骨盆肉瘤的风险更低,因为有较少的干细胞分裂。但是那又怎样呢?”

我们可以做的只是对疾病的预防,即使影响肿瘤风险的主要来源是内因,比如干细胞分裂次数,但是这种内因是我们无法改变的。所以无论这个争执的结果倾向于谁对,癌症的预防、公共卫生调查和风险研究的重要性都不能忽视。

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880893, encodeId=294d188089343, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Oct 19 16:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59692, encodeId=764a596928a, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=173, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59693, encodeId=f86259693aa, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=226, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50633, encodeId=bf155063381, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=180, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 22:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49300, encodeId=722949300e7, content=有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=231, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 12:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49302, encodeId=659e49302b4, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=225, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 12:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48198, encodeId=180d481987c, content=激烈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 15:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375135, encodeId=0ba013e51358d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Wed Dec 23 00:41:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-19 liye789132251
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880893, encodeId=294d188089343, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Oct 19 16:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59692, encodeId=764a596928a, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=173, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59693, encodeId=f86259693aa, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=226, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50633, encodeId=bf155063381, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=180, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 22:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49300, encodeId=722949300e7, content=有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=231, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 12:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49302, encodeId=659e49302b4, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=225, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 12:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48198, encodeId=180d481987c, content=激烈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 15:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375135, encodeId=0ba013e51358d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Wed Dec 23 00:41:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-26 doctording1

    这篇文章有一定深度

    0

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    2016-01-26 doctording1

    是一篇不错的文章

    0

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    2015-12-30 xyfg98

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880893, encodeId=294d188089343, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Oct 19 16:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59692, encodeId=764a596928a, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=173, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59693, encodeId=f86259693aa, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=226, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50633, encodeId=bf155063381, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=180, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 22:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49300, encodeId=722949300e7, content=有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=231, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 12:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49302, encodeId=659e49302b4, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=225, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 12:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48198, encodeId=180d481987c, content=激烈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 15:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375135, encodeId=0ba013e51358d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Wed Dec 23 00:41:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-27 wzf990214

    有意思

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880893, encodeId=294d188089343, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Oct 19 16:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59692, encodeId=764a596928a, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=173, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59693, encodeId=f86259693aa, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=226, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50633, encodeId=bf155063381, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=180, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 22:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49300, encodeId=722949300e7, content=有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=231, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 12:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49302, encodeId=659e49302b4, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=225, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 12:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48198, encodeId=180d481987c, content=激烈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 15:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375135, encodeId=0ba013e51358d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Wed Dec 23 00:41:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-27 wzf990214

    赞一个

    0

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    2015-12-26 hixiaoluo

    激烈

    0

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    2015-12-23 zhaojie88

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