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JAMA:胆固醇结晶栓塞知多少?蓝趾综合征-案例报道

2016-05-22 Mechront 译 MedSci原创

患者男,70岁,就诊时有冠心病、高血压、轻度主动脉瓣狭窄出现精神状态改变、需要透析的急性肾损伤、四肢远端皮肤变色伴疼痛。3周前患者因心肌梗死行冠状动脉造影及冠状动脉旁路移植术。查体:如图所示,患者的几个脚趾跖侧有蓝色的斑块、丘疹,伴触痛;手上也有伴触痛的斑块。辅助检查:白细胞 9100/μL,嗜酸性粒细胞 22%;血尿素氮 70 mg/dL (25 mmol/L),肌酐 6.1 mg/dL (

患者男,70岁,就诊时有冠心病、高血压、轻度主动脉瓣狭窄出现精神状态改变、需要透析的急性肾损伤、四肢远端皮肤变色伴疼痛。3周前患者因心肌梗死行冠状动脉造影及冠状动脉旁路移植术。

查体:如图所示,患者的几个脚趾跖侧有蓝色的斑块、丘疹,伴触痛;手上也有伴触痛的斑块。



辅助检查:白细胞 9100/μL,嗜酸性粒细胞 22%;血尿素氮 70 mg/dL (25 mmol/L),肌酐 6.1 mg/dL (539.2 μmol/L),尿常规 血尿1+ 蛋白尿2+。

患者之前有心肌梗死后行冠状动脉造影及冠状动脉旁路移植术的病史,加上皮肤的“蓝趾综合征”表现和外周嗜酸性粒细胞增多,高度怀疑“胆固醇栓塞”。

注:“蓝趾综合征”指肢体的微小血管闭塞引起手指或足趾出现蓝黑色、锯齿状、指压不褪色的斑点,伴剧痛等症状的综合征,病因多为粥样硬化性栓子。1976年,Karmody首次命名。其实质是肢体末梢动脉的微小栓塞,属于动脉栓塞范畴。

尽管对患者进行了透析治疗,但是患者的肾功能持续下降,肌酐水平达到的峰值时为9.9 mg/dL。肝功、淀粉酶和脂肪酶水平均在正常范围内。右脚皮肤病变处的活检结果如下图所示,中型血管内可见胆固醇裂血栓。胆固醇栓塞的诊断明确。



本案例中的患者最终停止了透析治疗,转移到临终关怀处,并在发病后不到5个月时间里,死于肾功能衰竭。

胆固醇结晶栓塞是一种小到中血管疾病,通常由于动脉硬化斑块破裂而导致动脉栓塞,常发生于动脉插管操作时导管或导丝损伤纤维帽, 使动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂;长期抗凝治疗或急性溶栓治疗后;外科手术如换瓣术等;也有自发栓塞的报道。该疾病通常亚急性起病,从发病到恶化几个月时间。典型的病史包括老年人(超过一半的患者为70岁以上老年人)、心血管疾病,有明显的皮肤病变,常累及多个器官。

胆固醇结晶栓塞在人体内的发生发展一般包含了以下6个环节:近端动脉内膜上动脉粥样硬化斑块→动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂→胆固醇结晶脱落→胆固醇结晶栓塞→炎症反应→终末靶器官损伤。

如果胆固醇结晶栓塞发生在降主动脉,可引起躯干、下肢、肾脏、胃肠道系统等的皮肤及肌肉组织的缺血,进而出现一系列相关的症状和体征。当栓塞发生在升主动脉弓或近端时,会出现视力和上肢皮肤变化,但是可能会对诊断起到一定混淆作用。网状青斑是最常见的皮肤变化,当然紫绀,坏疽、溃疡、结节、紫癜、瘀斑等皮肤病变也可以看到,还有脚趾蓝色病变是胆固醇结晶栓塞的常见皮肤表现,但是这些皮肤病变都是非特异性的,此外患者还可以出现血管炎或其他血管病变。

胆固醇结晶栓塞患者常见但非特异性的临床表现还包括发热、厌食、体重减轻、疲劳和疼痛等,一些患者还可能出现胆固醇结晶和继发肾缺血从而肾素释放导致血管闭塞,进而引起血压急性升高。辅助检查常可以见到的异常包括嗜酸性粒细胞增多、贫血、低补体血症、红细胞沉降率和C-反应蛋白水平升高,尿常规和显微镜分析可以帮助识别肾脏受累的诊断,可能会发现蛋白尿、脓尿、血尿、嗜酸性粒细胞尿。

胆固醇结晶栓塞常见的临床三联征包括诱因史、急性肾功能衰竭、皮肤或视网膜表现。但是最终的确诊需要活检病理学的支持。通常进行皮肤或肌肉活检就可以了,而不需要更多的侵入性检查。虽然看到视网膜胆固醇结晶或脉络膜视网膜梗塞斑块是该疾病的有力证据,但是也不能轻易放弃活检。本案例的患者其眼底检查未能明确诊断。

目前针对胆固醇结晶栓塞还没有标准治疗,文献建议对患者终末靶器官损伤的对症治疗和支持疗法,如肾功能衰竭、 消化道出血等的治疗; 针对动脉粥样硬化和预防斑块破裂的治疗,如他汀类药物的使用、抗血小板治疗、以及避免进一步的血管器械操作等。最近的文献报道,胆固醇结晶栓塞患者的1年生存率在69%-87%,接近1/3的患者会出现临床上显着的肾损伤。胆固醇结晶栓塞后患者最常见的死亡原因是心血管疾病,可能是因为患者发病前心血管疾病患病率高。

胆固醇结晶栓塞与动脉血栓栓塞病变均均有动脉粥样硬化病变的基础,那么两者应该如何鉴别呢?

胆固醇结晶栓塞是动脉粥样硬化斑块内胆固醇结晶脱落后造成远端动脉的栓塞,造成阻塞的主要成分是胆固醇结晶,阻塞的血管多为小动脉和微动脉,并且常常是多处微栓塞。

动脉血栓栓塞病变大部分是动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂后,血小板黏附、聚集和血栓形成,造成斑块处的阻塞,造成阻塞的主要成分是血小板、 纤维蛋白和红细胞等,阻塞的血管为中动脉及其分支,病变常造成一处或数处栓塞。

胆固醇结晶栓塞是大动脉血管壁上动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂,斑块内胆固醇结晶脱落至远端小动脉造成栓塞而引起的。 胆固醇结晶栓塞常引起栓塞部位的炎症反应,并造成终末靶器官的损伤。 最常受累的靶器官为脑、肾、消化道、皮肤和下肢骨骼肌等。希望临床医生能够对该疾病有更多的了解和认识,以便于及早的识别潜在患者,进行早干预早治疗,以降低该疾病的死亡率,提高患者的生活质量。

原始出处:

Ghahramani GK, Seline AE, Wanat KA. Postprocedural Blue Toes.JAMA. 2016 Apr 5;315(13):1396-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.1810

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    2016-09-17 ylzr123

    好文,从这里学习了好多新知识,新信息。赞了!

    0

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    2016-08-29 ylzr123

    深度好文,值得学习,赞!

    0

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1984246, encodeId=f0b919842461b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=23de83462dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胆固醇结晶栓塞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83462, encryptionId=23de83462dd, topicName=胆固醇结晶栓塞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b3e473, createdName=pyaili, createdTime=Fri Jan 27 20:00:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129123, encodeId=1d5c12912356, content=好文,从这里学习了好多新知识,新信息。赞了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 08:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=106612, encodeId=55b410661257, content=深度好文,值得学习,赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=128, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Mon Aug 29 07:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1942331, encodeId=c8021942331c7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c1278838291' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#蓝趾综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88382, encryptionId=c1278838291, topicName=蓝趾综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c982214, createdName=tomyang86, createdTime=Sun Feb 05 12:00:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=92576, encodeId=b02a925e64f, content=很罕见,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 10 15:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87282, encodeId=085e8e28206, content=学习了,没有见过此病,第一次, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=160, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaPGXLHbD09oThMvLc59lDgPWMUgwaV9XedFs2Ua5siaD84oBicnRcVrCvLfdrkpHUicUEyLPs1rxibZ/0, createdBy=b6991729298, createdName=報恩知, createdTime=Thu May 26 19:50:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1430621, encodeId=b77014306218e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Tue May 24 13:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-10 oo902

    很罕见,学习了

    0

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    2016-05-26 報恩知

    学习了,没有见过此病,第一次

    0

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