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乳腺癌关爱月:诊断不准可能导致过度治疗,超声、钼靶、核磁共振怎么选?

2017-11-09 许珈 澎湃新闻

“医生,我乳房经常胀痛,会不会得乳腺癌了?要做什么检查?”“医生,体检的时候做B超,说是乳房这边有个肿块,可能会恶化,要不要切除?”过去的十月,是“乳腺癌关爱月”。 乳腺癌位居女性恶性肿瘤发病率首位。国家癌症中心发布的2017年《中国肿瘤登记年报》显示,乳腺癌每年新发病例约27.9万,并以每年约2%的速度递增。早期筛查,是乳腺癌得以早诊早治的关键。然而,筛查也需要规范,不是拍个片子算数。复旦大学附

“医生,我乳房经常胀痛,会不会得乳腺癌了?要做什么检查?”

“医生,体检的时候做B超,说是乳房这边有个肿块,可能会恶化,要不要切除?”

过去的十月,是“乳腺癌关爱月”。 乳腺癌位居女性恶性肿瘤发病率首位。国家癌症中心发布的2017年《中国肿瘤登记年报》显示,乳腺癌每年新发病例约27.9万,并以每年约2%的速度递增。

早期筛查,是乳腺癌得以早诊早治的关键。然而,筛查也需要规范,不是拍个片子算数。

复旦大学附属肿瘤医院放射诊断科主任彭卫军指出,乳腺诊断相对比较复杂。同样是做乳腺X线检查(俗称钼靶检查),设备的优劣、读片医生水平高低都能直接影响诊断的准确性。“现在一些医疗机构设备本身就不好,读片的医生水平也不够,从而出现了一部分病人被误诊,以及过度治疗的情况。”彭卫军主任直言,实际上,一些良性的结节、肿块是不需要开刀的。一些患者,因为在体检时发现肿块后诊断结果不准确,担心不已,轮番换好多家医院就诊,增加了患者的精神负担和经济负担。更有些患者被告知可能是恶性肿瘤,心里就已经有个疙瘩,要让她相信其实没事就特别困难。

临床上,外科,‘超声+钼靶’已经就能够满足绝大多数患者的乳腺癌检查需求。”复旦大学附属肿瘤医院放射诊断科副主任顾雅佳说。至于核磁共振,虽然是强有力的诊断手段,但对于读片医生而言,就需要更高的要求。加上核磁共振本身费用也高,因此普通筛查时不被推荐。“一般,我们会建议高危人群做核磁共振检查。”彭卫军主任说。

超声、钼靶、核磁共振,到底应该如何选择?复旦大学附属肿瘤医院乳腺科副主任余科达解释:

超声检查

擅长发现小型实体肿块、结节

1.适合发现小肿块和结节,对囊性和实性的肿块有较好的分辨能力,分辨出肿块的内部情况;对相对致密的乳腺组织检查效果好,适合全年龄段,对40岁以下女性具有钼靶难以比拟的优势。

2.仅能发现大片和粗糙的钙化,但对小的恶性钙化灶识别度较低。

3.虽然便捷快速,但结果的可重复性低,诊断的主观性强。

钼靶检查

擅长发现表现为钙化灶的早期恶性病变

1.对腺体相对疏松、以脂肪为主的乳腺检查效果好,能清晰地呈现出腺体的内部结构,适合40岁以上女性。

2.能呈现腺体中小的钙化点,对发现早期乳腺癌帮助较大。钙化点是早期乳腺癌的重要征兆。

3.检查结果可重复性强,拍片后可随时观察图像。只要操作规范、器材完好,即便是级别较低医院的片子,也有很高参考价值。

磁共振

乳腺癌检查的“终极武器”

磁共振是一个兼顾解剖和功能的成像技术,恶性区域的信号会明显强化。由于其检查准确性高,对判断患者病灶良恶性的问题,提供强有力的诊断依据。但这种检查方法也有不足:

1.成本高。临床上,一般超声检查价格只要60元,钼靶检查通常也不会超过200元,但磁共振检查一次的费用一般在800~1000元人民币不等,且常需3天以上的预约时间。

2.太过敏感。这导致有些良性病灶被磁共振以可疑恶性病灶检出,提高了患者的手术几率。

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    2018-09-27 jklm22
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