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Nature:肌营养不良可咋整?CRISPR带来治疗新曙光

2019-07-31 苏煜静 生物探索

肌营养不良是一种遗传性肌肉消耗疾病,临床表现为不同程度的骨骼肌肉萎缩,严重时甚至累及心肌。据不完全统计,全球大约每3600个男孩中就有一个患有这种疾病,一般患者的寿命只有二十多岁。

肌营养不良是一种遗传性肌肉消耗疾病,临床表现为不同程度的骨骼肌肉萎缩,严重时甚至累及心肌。据不完全统计,全球大约每3600个男孩中就有一个患有这种疾病,一般患者的寿命只有二十多岁。

多年来,科学家一直在寻找治疗肌营养不良的方法。近些年研究人员在基因编辑上看到治疗肌营养不良的新曙光。近日,来自加拿大、美国和瑞典的研究人员发现,在肌营养不良小鼠模型中,通过CRISPR系统编辑一个参与产生促进肌肉力量的蛋白质的基因可以减轻症状。该研究成果发表在《Nature》杂志上。

此前有研究表明,肌营养不良是Lama2基因突变的结果。这些突变会阻止某些蛋白质的生成,而这些蛋白质是肌肉发育过程中必不可少的。Lama2基因突变还会导致神经元髓鞘的破坏,导致神经损伤。目前,科学家一直在寻找靶向该基因的治疗方法。

在新的研究中,科学家们采用了一种新的方法——编辑相关基因Lama1。这个基因也参与了肌肉生产和发育过程中蛋白质的生成。但与Lama2不同的是,它可以通过基因编辑促进另一个叫做laminin-α1蛋白的产生,也可以促进肌肉组织的生成。科学家们已经证明,Lama2的缺陷可以通过另一种类型的Lama1基因的过表达来弥补。


论文第一作者

加拿大多伦多儿童医院研究中心的工作人员和美国同事在鼠标疾病模型中成功地证明,可以通过一种CRISPR-dCas9系统增强小鼠自身Lama1的表达能力。研究人员从金黄色葡萄球菌中选择dCas9,并将其与病毒转录域VP64(一个trans-激活因子)和一段RNA连接在一起形成CRISPR-dCas9系统,并装载到AAV9病毒载体上。dCas9不能直接切割DNA,但能够通过RNA指导的位置与DNA结合。一旦有激活因子或抑制因子与该蛋白结合,dCas9就会变转成一个转录因子来控制基因表达。

研究人员首先在小鼠成纤维细胞上测试人工激活因子,并选择三种最有效的RNA指导用于Lama1基因的调节部分。CRISPR系统包装在AAV9型腺病毒中,这种病毒对动物的肌肉组织具有高亲和力。

小鼠的初步测试表明,需要同时使用所有三种RNA指导来有效诱导肌肉中的Lama1表达。预防性实验表明,在新生老鼠的血液中引入人工激活因子和向导腺病毒可以防止骨骼肌退化。


Lama1上调可改善小鼠肌肉纤维化

此外,作者还展示了在已经患病的老鼠中的治疗潜力:向三周大小的小鼠引入高剂量的腺病毒,其瘫痪迹象不仅阻止了疾病的进展,而且在第六周时能观察到小鼠的活动能力显着提高。

研究人员报告说,在小鼠身上测试基因编辑技术显示出积极的结果。小鼠的纤维化程度有所降低,肌纤维体积增大。他们还发现,治疗因症状而瘫痪的小鼠可以让它们站起来走动。此外,研究人员发现神经传导速度也加快了,这是髓鞘破坏逆转的迹象。

当然,这一发现仅仅是一个开端,在对人类受试者进行技术测试之前,还需要进行更多的研究。

不过我们有理由相信,在不久的将来,肌营养不良这一疾病将会得到治愈。

原始出处:Dwi U. Kemaladewi, Prabhpreet S. Bassi, Steven Erwood, et al. A mutation-independent approach for muscular dystrophy via upregulation of a modifier gene. Nature. 24 July 2019

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    2020-06-08 liye789132251
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    2019-11-09 yangpeizhi
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    2019-08-02 yuandd
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    2019-07-31 坚强007

    向科研人员致敬!!!

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