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法律专家带您深度解读:医闹入刑的误区

2015-11-26 刘 鑫 健康报

11月1日《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(九)》(以下简称《刑法修正案九》)生效,医闹行为列入刑法规制。有舆论认为,至此长期困扰医疗机构及医务人员的医闹困局将迎刃而解。其实,从法律层面看事情远非这么简单,其中的一些误会或需要澄清。 医闹入刑锁定的是特定“分子” 《刑法修正案九》对医闹入刑的规定,与修订前的《刑法》第290条规定相比,就增加了“医疗”二字。从这一条文修改的内容来看

11月1日《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(九)》(以下简称《刑法修正案九》)生效,医闹行为列入刑法规制。有舆论认为,至此长期困扰医疗机构及医务人员的医闹困局将迎刃而解。其实,从法律层面看事情远非这么简单,其中的一些误会或需要澄清。

医闹入刑锁定的是特定“分子”

《刑法修正案九》对医闹入刑的规定,与修订前的《刑法》第290条规定相比,就增加了“医疗”二字。从这一条文修改的内容来看,并非针对医闹行为予以处罚,而实质上是对“聚众扰乱社会秩序,情节严重,致使医疗无法进行,造成严重损失的首要分子”处以刑事处罚。

医闹行为,从参与人员来看可包括:①患者及其家属在医疗机构纠缠。②患者纠集亲朋好友到医疗机构闹事。③职业医闹者代表患方到医院来闹事。从患方采取医闹的方式来看,医闹包括:A.与医疗机构有关人员纠缠。B.暴力干涉医疗机构。C.停尸闹事。

从立法规定来看,《刑法》第290条规定的是“聚众扰乱社会秩序罪”,该罪的主体是一般主体,主观方面表现为故意,客体侵犯的是国家对社会的管理秩序,客观方面则是严重破坏社会秩序的行为。在医疗机构发生的医闹事件,主要涉及多人在医疗场所聚集,暴力干扰、破坏医疗秩序,致使医疗活动无法开展,并且造成了严重损失。因此,实施危害行为的主体表现为上述②、③,实施危害行为的客观表现为B、C,才可能构成聚众扰乱社会秩序罪。

所以,在医疗场所发生的一般医闹事件,包括单纯的患者及其家属医闹,患者及其家属以及纠集的其他多人针对某一个、某几个医务人员的殴打,打砸医疗机构财物,只要没有影响医疗秩序,没有造成严重损失,均无法入罪。

不可不知的医闹入刑罪名

因医闹的表现不同,根据《刑法》的规定,适用不同罪名。

1. 在医疗机构内殴打医务人员或者故意伤害医务人员身体、故意损毁公私财物,涉及的罪名包括故意杀人罪、故意伤害罪、故意毁坏财物罪、寻衅滋事罪。故意杀人罪要求行为人具有杀人的故意,并实施了杀人的行为。故意伤害罪非常重要的是被伤害的医务人员须构成轻伤以上的损伤,该损伤程度的鉴定由司法鉴定机构实施。故意毁坏财物罪的认定中毁坏的财物数额要达到5000元以上才构成犯罪。故意伤害医务人员、破坏医院财物,实际损伤、损失不大,但是行为人是针对不特定的人实施,破坏的财物也没有针对性,则构成寻衅滋事罪。

2. 有时医闹表现为以不准离开工作场所等方式非法限制医务人员人身自由的,可以构成非法拘禁罪;如果行为人以勒索财物为目的绑架医务人员或者绑架医务人员作为人质,将医务人员带离医疗机构等场所,拘押于医闹者控制的地方,向医疗机构索要赔偿,将构成绑架罪。

3. 采取暴力或者其他方法公然侮辱、恐吓医务人员情节严重(恶劣)的,构成侮辱罪、寻衅滋事罪。

4. 非法携带枪支、弹药、管制刀具或者爆炸性、放射性、毒害性、腐蚀性物品进入医疗机构的,危及公共安全情节严重的,构成非法携带枪支、弹药、管制刀具、危险物品危及公共安全罪。非法携带的枪支、弹药,是指非法携带以火药为动力或者以压缩气体为动力发射枪弹的军用和非军用枪支及弹药。非法携带的管制刀具,是指匕首、三棱刀、带有自锁装置的弹簧刀、单刃刀、三棱尖刀等。非法携带的危险物品,是指雷管、炸药、鞭炮、汽油、酒精、压缩气体、液化气体等易燃易爆和具有放射性的镭、铀等危险物质,以及硫酸、硝酸、盐酸、砒霜等腐蚀、烧勺和剧毒物质。

5. 对于职业医闹,尤其是在幕后策划、组织、指挥医闹活动的人,由于其行为表现为:其一,故意扩大事态,教唆他人实施针对医疗机构或者医务人员的违法犯罪行为;其二,以受他人委托处理医疗纠纷为名实施敲诈勒索、寻衅滋事等行为的,可以构成敲诈勒索罪、寻衅滋事罪。

应注意与相关法规衔接

其实,本次《刑法修正案九》对严重扰乱医疗秩序行为的规制,即便不做这次修订,也不影响适用《刑法》中的相关罪名甚至适用聚众扰乱社会秩序罪进行打击。其更为重要的意义和作用在于为解决医闹问题提供了一个很好的法律依据,表明了我国立法部门已经明确将医闹行为纳入法制层面进行管控。对于严重的医闹行为,公安司法机关处理这类事情时,思路更为清晰,目标和目的更为明确,将不再过多考虑刑法之外的影响,而是依照该罪来追究刑事责任;对于尚未构成犯罪的医闹行为,也会依照相关法律进行处理。凡此,都有利于扭转过去打击医闹不力的不作为局面。

在实践层面,对医闹行为的打击和处置,要坚持比例原则。医闹行为,在客观上存在情节和危害结果的程度差别,因而,在对医闹行为进行打击和处理时,应当注意与《治安管理处罚法》的衔接,对于尚未构成犯罪的医闹行为,应当适用《治安管理处罚法》的相关规定进行行政处罚,只有构成犯罪的医闹行为,才能适用《刑法》予以刑事处罚。

医疗机构依法管理更重要

第一,应建立畅通、规范的投诉渠道,让患者的投诉能得到医疗机构及时受理,并得到迅速调查和恰当处理。指定部门负责对外接待媒体工作者,指定专人统一对媒体介绍情况,争取媒体的客观报道,正确引导媒体舆论,消除负面影响。向患者提供专业和法律方面的服务,引导患方运用法律手段,寻求合法的解决方式和救济渠道。

第二,依法治院,医疗机构领导开展医院管理要重视法律的作用,建立医院法务部门,依法规范医疗机构的经营、管理活动,让医疗活动符合法律、法规、诊疗规范、操作规程。

第三,建立突发医疗纠纷事件应急处理预案,及时干预医闹行为,与其他有关部门建立联动机制,依法尽早、妥善收集和固定证据,以利于依法处理医闹事件。

原标题《医闹入刑的事儿 千万别误读》

(来源:健康报;作者 刘 鑫 胡佩佩,作者单位:中国政法大学证据科学研究院、中国政法大学医药法律与伦理研究中心)

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    2015-12-20 三三五五

    根源在于哪里???

    0

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    2015-11-27 owlhealth

    很少能被判

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=46831, encodeId=819746831dd, content=根源在于哪里???, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=137, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Sun Dec 20 14:23:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1949701, encodeId=fc791949e0149, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1a173540822' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医闹入刑#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35408, encryptionId=1a173540822, topicName=医闹入刑)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=68b666, createdName=zhangying8788, createdTime=Wed Feb 24 10:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1308764, encodeId=57681308e64bb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa7291842d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#误区#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91842, encryptionId=aa7291842d9, topicName=误区)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e9a6357, createdName=xiangyuzhou971, createdTime=Sat Nov 28 09:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43957, encodeId=931c4395eb6, content=很少能被判, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3b2c1627329, createdName=owlhealth, createdTime=Fri Nov 27 06:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43955, encodeId=dffd4395588, content=医患关系, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=151, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=3e4e1656579, createdName=1dddc5edm75(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Nov 27 00:45:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43909, encodeId=9be843909c0, content=医患, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=160, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Thu Nov 26 20:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-11-27 1dddc5edm75(暂无匿称)

    医患关系

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=46831, encodeId=819746831dd, content=根源在于哪里???, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=137, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Sun Dec 20 14:23:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1949701, encodeId=fc791949e0149, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1a173540822' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医闹入刑#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35408, encryptionId=1a173540822, topicName=医闹入刑)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=68b666, createdName=zhangying8788, createdTime=Wed Feb 24 10:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1308764, encodeId=57681308e64bb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa7291842d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#误区#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91842, encryptionId=aa7291842d9, topicName=误区)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e9a6357, createdName=xiangyuzhou971, createdTime=Sat Nov 28 09:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43957, encodeId=931c4395eb6, content=很少能被判, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3b2c1627329, createdName=owlhealth, createdTime=Fri Nov 27 06:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43955, encodeId=dffd4395588, content=医患关系, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=151, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=3e4e1656579, createdName=1dddc5edm75(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Nov 27 00:45:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43909, encodeId=9be843909c0, content=医患, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=160, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Thu Nov 26 20:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-11-26 老段

    医患

    0

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