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邱录贵:克隆演变与多发性骨髓瘤的预后评估和治疗选择

2018-01-17 佚名 肿瘤资讯

克隆演变是指不同时间点的肿瘤克隆的异质性变化,治疗前可能某种克隆占优势,同时存在其它亚克隆,肿瘤缓解后克隆结构发生变化,复发后可能原有的次要克隆变成优势克隆或是出现一种既往没有的新克隆,这些都称为克隆演变。

克隆演变的内涵

克隆演变是近几年肿瘤生物学研究中经常提到的概念。既往认为肿瘤是均一或单一的克隆性病变,但现在通过免疫学和遗传学方法知道肿瘤克隆存在很大异质性,这种异质性表现在同一肿瘤的不同肿瘤细胞间存在异质性,形成不同亚克隆,有些是优势克隆,有些是次要克隆(也称为亚克隆);异质性还表现在同一个体同一肿瘤在不同部位的生物学特征有明显差异,譬如多发性骨髓瘤的髓内骨髓瘤和髓外软组织浆细胞瘤的生物学特征存在明显差别;此外异质性还表现在实体瘤原发灶和转移灶间也存在差别。以上是同一个体内的异质性,不同人群间的异质性就更加明显。

克隆演变是指不同时间点的肿瘤克隆的异质性变化,治疗前可能某种克隆占优势,同时存在其它亚克隆,肿瘤缓解后克隆结构发生变化,复发后可能原有的次要克隆变成优势克隆或是出现一种既往没有的新克隆,这些都称为克隆演变。

克隆演变模式

肿瘤的克隆演变有三种情况:

第一种克隆稳定,基因组保持比较稳定,治疗前后变化不大,这在血液肿瘤尤其是急性髓细胞白血病和急性淋巴细胞白血病中比较明显,虽然有些患者会发生克隆演变,但总体来说相对稳定;

第二种就是实体肿瘤由于遗传学高度不稳定,所以发生克隆演变非常常见,而且是非常复杂的克隆演变;

第三种模式介于上述二者之间,例如二代精准测序发现多发性骨髓瘤的遗传稳定性介于急性白血病和实体瘤之间,所以它既有血液肿瘤的性质,也有一定实体肿瘤的性质。

现已发现多发性骨髓瘤诊断时平均有50-60种基因突变,复发进展或难治时平均近200种基因突变,所以遗传不稳定是多发性骨髓瘤克隆演变的基础,骨髓瘤细胞在原有遗传学事件基础上,受到外界因素或治疗影响后容易获得其它遗传学异常,反复演进,导致多发性骨髓瘤由开始相对惰性最终发展成为明显的侵袭性肿瘤,譬如获得P53基因功能失活和MYC基因扩增,导致重要的凋亡功能失活和增殖功能加强,此时临床表现为高度侵袭性的浆细胞白血病或髓外浆细胞瘤,多发性骨髓瘤的这种生物学特征是其目前难以治愈的内在因素。多发性骨髓瘤另一个很重要的生物学特征是骨髓瘤细胞的生存高度依赖肿瘤微环境,二者相互促进恶性循环,也会导致肿瘤细胞异常增殖、发生免疫逃逸耐药,这是外部因素,外部因素对包括克隆演变在内的内部因素有影响,这是我们今后研究的重要方向。

多发性骨髓瘤克隆演变模式与生存的关系

现在国际研究主要集中在多发性骨髓瘤疾病进展中发生哪些克隆演变、有多少克隆演变以及克隆演变遵循怎样的规律。现在认为多发性骨髓瘤克隆演变遵循三种模式:第一种是克隆稳定,虽然几次复发进展但仍然保持原有的遗传学异常不变,这种患者生存比较好;第二种是分枝模式,这种情况较多发生,即诊断时存在多个亚克隆,其中一个是优势克隆,第一次复发时候原来的亚克隆转变成优势克隆,再次复发进展可能又会有其它亚克隆转变成优势克隆;第三种模式是在分支模式基础上出现以前不存在的新的克隆,称作线性进展模式。

目前没有克隆演变与生存的相关研究,从我们还未发表的资料看,多发性骨髓瘤的克隆演变与生存密切相关,如果克隆稳定,复发进展时未发生克隆演变,那么患者的第一次无进展生存和复发后第二次无进展生存以及总体生存都比较好;一旦发生克隆演变,第一次无进展生存差于未发生克隆演变的患者,而且一旦复发进展,发生克隆演变的第二次无进展生存明显缩短,总生存也明显缩短。

进一步克隆结构研究发现,分枝模式和线性进展模式二种克隆演变模式之间也存在差异,分枝模式演变是复发进展中出现的优势克隆是原来存在的亚克隆,这种情况相对于新出现的克隆预后要好,复发进展后出现的优势克隆是新克隆时预后最差,这种在治疗或其它打击后出现的新克隆往往对治疗完全耐药,患者一旦复发进展,第二次无进展生存通常只有半年时间,总生存只有1年左右,这种患者特别高危,这一结论还需要扩大病例验证。总之目前我们观察到克隆演变对患者的生存有明显影响。

多发性骨髓瘤克隆结构分析指导治疗策略选择

现在克隆演变的研究多数是描述性研究,应用不同方法观察疾病进展过程中发生哪些克隆演变,今后的研究会更多关注诊断及复发进展后的克隆结构分析及演变,以指导临床治疗选择。我们认为诊断时克隆结构分析有利于指导临床治疗方案的选择,譬如有些遗传学异常对预后的影响相对较少,以这种‘良好’克隆为主体的患者预后相对较好,治疗上可能要减少细胞毒性药物的应用,多采用蛋白酶体抑制剂、免疫调节剂等非细胞毒性药物,这样可以相对保留惰性克隆以平衡相对侵袭性较强的克隆,让患者带瘤生存。如果是侵袭性非常强的克隆,譬如开始就存在P53或MYC基因异常这种预后特别差的克隆,可能就要选择不同的治疗策略,单纯蛋白酶体抑制剂和免疫调节剂治疗可能就不充分,需要联合细胞毒性药物尽可能清除侵袭性克隆,保留惰性克隆,这样患者才可能获得更长时间的缓解和生存。

患者复发进展后应再次进行克隆结构分析,明确是否发生克隆演变以及是哪种方式演变,将可以指导治疗方案选择。如果未发生克隆演变,不仅第一次无进展生存比较长,而且即便进展复发后,原有治疗方案可能还会有效,第二次缓解时间仍然比较长,患者总生存非常好;反之,如果发生分枝模式演变,这时应考虑到既往方案对新的优势克隆可能无效,需要选用不同作用机制药物,才可能取得更长时间生存;如果是线性进展模式,优势克隆是既往不存在的克隆,是治疗或其它原因诱导产生的全新克隆,这种克隆往往对治疗耐药,需要采取全新的治疗策略,譬如一旦疾病控制后就应进行异基因造血干细胞移植,或选用免疫治疗,如单克隆抗体或CAR-T细胞治疗,这可能对患者更有治疗意义。

因此我们现在提出,要根据患者的生物学特征指导治疗策略和具体方案的选择,这也是我们今后研究的方向和重点。

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    2018-04-18 oliver181
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    2018-08-27 jml2009
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    2018-04-01 aids221
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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1745843, encodeId=9e681e4584315, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34a5666451b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#演变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66645, encryptionId=34a5666451b, topicName=演变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96a135615295, createdName=oliver181, createdTime=Wed Apr 18 17:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1889850, encodeId=149b1889850a5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=760c430895a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多发性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43089, encryptionId=760c430895a, topicName=多发性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04d6114, createdName=jml2009, createdTime=Mon Aug 27 13:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1660145, encodeId=30fb1660145c8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d0d28912db' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#克隆#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28912, encryptionId=8d0d28912db, topicName=克隆)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=596825099872, createdName=aids221, createdTime=Sun Apr 01 00:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1772705, encodeId=a7001e72705bd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=871064e139b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗选择#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64713, encryptionId=871064e139b, topicName=治疗选择)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=015a38388258, createdName=liye789132264, createdTime=Fri Oct 05 18:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1743543, encodeId=af5b1e43543f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=89691002006b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预后评估#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100200, encryptionId=89691002006b, topicName=预后评估)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6d4335139306, createdName=yeye5224624, createdTime=Tue Sep 18 23:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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