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欧洲严防非洲猪瘟蔓延

2018-01-03 赵熙熙 中国科学报

当立陶宛在2013年7月开始加强与白俄罗斯的边境的检查时,人们担心的并不是士兵或坦克,而是另一种不同类型的入侵——非洲猪瘟(ASF),这是一种臭名昭著的病毒性传染病,能够导致农场猪和野猪死亡。当时,立陶宛的边防人员向卡车喷洒消毒剂,野生动物学家在尝试使用动物驱虫剂和围栏,而官员们则指定了一个宽度达20公里的监控区域。

俄罗斯和其他地方的养猪场已经宰杀了大量的猪,以防非洲猪瘟的蔓延。

图片来源:EDUARD KORNIYENKO

当立陶宛在2013年7月开始加强与白俄罗斯的边境的检查时,人们担心的并不是士兵或坦克,而是另一种不同类型的入侵——非洲猪瘟(ASF),这是一种臭名昭著的病毒性传染病,能够导致农场猪和野猪死亡。当时,立陶宛的边防人员向卡车喷洒消毒剂,野生动物学家在尝试使用动物驱虫剂和围栏,而官员们则指定了一个宽度达20公里的监控区域。

然而所有这些手段都是无效的。2014年1月,在边境的立陶宛一侧发现了两头死亡的野猪,其ASF检测结果呈阳性,这是几十年来这种传染病首次在欧盟出现。自那以后,它一直在向西移动,迫使欧盟处于高度戒备状态。

乌普萨拉市瑞典国家兽医研究所野生动物病理学家、研究该传染病的欧盟研究网络主席Dolores Gavier-Widen表示:“人们的担忧正在变得越来越多。”

ASF已经“吞噬”了3个波罗的海国家和遥远的波兰,2017年夏天,它突然出现在捷克共和国的野猪中。去年11月,它还在华沙附近出现,德国和丹麦等附近的生猪生产国家都拉响了警报。

Jens Munk Ebbesen是哥本哈根市丹麦农业和食品委员会的首席兽医,他说,ASF“是目前最受关注的传染病,这是毫无疑问的”。去年,丹麦猪肉出口价值48亿美元,占该国食品和农产品出口的19%。

这一威胁使得研究人员争先恐后地试图确定ASF是如何扩散的——这是一个复杂的难题,并加倍努力开发疫苗。这种传染病导致的经济风险很高——即使在一头野猪中发现单一的ASF案例,也会导致其他国家禁止猪肉进口。

“每当我们发现第一个病例时,损害就已经发生了。”荷兰瓦格宁根生物兽医研究所的Willie Loeffen说。

1921年,在东非首次报道有家猪染上ASF。这种传染病对人类无害,但却可以杀死90%的猪——能够导致内出血和囊性肺。为了对抗ASF,必须宰杀受感染的畜群。

ASF病毒通过患病牲畜的分泌物传播,并能在工人的衣服、鞋子或干草上存活很长时间,这有助于它从一个农场转移到另一个农场。当人们运输受污染的猪肉时,这种病毒还能传播得更远——如果家猪或野猪吃了残羹剩饭,它们就会感染ASF。

ASF病毒在野猪体内的存在使得这场斗争变得更加复杂。患病野猪的粪便、尿液或鼻腔分泌物能够污染土壤或植物,而遛狗者或蘑菇采摘者可能会将其从森林中带出来。杀死被感染动物的猎人会带来更大的风险,因为血液具有很强的传染性。但是,这种疾病如何在野猪中传播仍然是一个谜。家庭成员似乎能够互相传染,而年轻的野猪可能会增加患病风险,因为它们会用鼻子对被感染的尸体进行嗅探,有时还会啃咬骨头,这就是科学家建议将野猪尸体移除的原因。

同时科学家对野猪种群的数量也不太了解。在欧洲,它们似乎正在蓬勃发展,这在很大程度上是因为狩猎俱乐部在冬季会为它们提供食物,导致它们的范围正在向北扩张。

现有的野猪种群模型是复杂的,但缺乏必要的生物学数据,比如北欧野猪的繁殖率,罗马意大利国家环境保护和研究所野生动物流行病学家Vittorio Guberti说。“这就像你有一辆法拉利,但却没有汽油。”Guberti希望进一步的研究和改进的模型能够揭示出需要移除多少尸体,以及杀死多少野猪才能够阻止疾病的传播。

波兰国家兽医研究所的Grzegorz Wozniakowski说,去年11月17日,两只死野猪在华沙附近被发现,这让人感到震惊。截至12月下旬,该市已确认至少40起病例,从而引发了人们对波兰西部大型养猪场的担忧。

丹麦和德国的兽医部门和贸易组织现在正提醒农民和猎人尽可能地保护生物安全。来自受影响国家的动物运输卡车在进入丹麦之前已被消毒。德国国家动物健康研究所的兽医Klaus Depner说,德国和其他几个处于危险境地的国家正在测试每一只被发现的死亡野猪,并提供奖金鼓励猎杀野猪。“很难阻止病毒的进入。”他说,“我们希望有足够的时间做好准备。”

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    2018-01-05 muzishouyi
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1704091, encodeId=ffc61e04091df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b33499516c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#非洲猪瘟#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99516, encryptionId=b33499516c4, topicName=非洲猪瘟)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=202330680732, createdName=ycmayy, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 18:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1339061, encodeId=0fba13390613e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=447663054f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#欧洲#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63054, encryptionId=447663054f5, topicName=欧洲)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/PiajxSqBRaEKxsKDoOOFxGpMibw6lsQFUIicWt7kWGevkdgFhjiban1icD2JdIBmjVo7qX7aSlCSpiaia382nuLKiaI3Cg/132, createdBy=5c442500150, createdName=ms9474365431325850, createdTime=Fri Jan 05 11:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1555269, encodeId=a9a61555269dc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f367681e434' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#猪#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68174, encryptionId=f367681e434, topicName=猪)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9ec214601917, createdName=muzishouyi, createdTime=Fri Jan 05 11:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=275281, encodeId=e24b2e528151, content=很好的文章,学习了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=48ce1618316, createdName=stupidox, createdTime=Thu Jan 04 07:25:47 CST 2018, time=2018-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=275169, encodeId=46452e51696a, content=学习学习.了解了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Jan 03 23:14:04 CST 2018, time=2018-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=275131, encodeId=f9d92e5131c9, content=少吃猪肉, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7f542209290, createdName=120d0554m71暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Jan 03 21:08:50 CST 2018, time=2018-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-04 stupidox

    很好的文章,学习了。

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1704091, encodeId=ffc61e04091df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b33499516c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#非洲猪瘟#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99516, encryptionId=b33499516c4, topicName=非洲猪瘟)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=202330680732, createdName=ycmayy, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 18:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1339061, encodeId=0fba13390613e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=447663054f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#欧洲#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63054, encryptionId=447663054f5, topicName=欧洲)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/PiajxSqBRaEKxsKDoOOFxGpMibw6lsQFUIicWt7kWGevkdgFhjiban1icD2JdIBmjVo7qX7aSlCSpiaia382nuLKiaI3Cg/132, createdBy=5c442500150, createdName=ms9474365431325850, createdTime=Fri Jan 05 11:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1555269, encodeId=a9a61555269dc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f367681e434' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#猪#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68174, encryptionId=f367681e434, topicName=猪)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9ec214601917, createdName=muzishouyi, createdTime=Fri Jan 05 11:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=275281, encodeId=e24b2e528151, content=很好的文章,学习了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=48ce1618316, createdName=stupidox, createdTime=Thu Jan 04 07:25:47 CST 2018, time=2018-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=275169, encodeId=46452e51696a, content=学习学习.了解了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Jan 03 23:14:04 CST 2018, time=2018-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=275131, encodeId=f9d92e5131c9, content=少吃猪肉, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7f542209290, createdName=120d0554m71暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Jan 03 21:08:50 CST 2018, time=2018-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-03 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习.了解了解

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1704091, encodeId=ffc61e04091df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b33499516c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#非洲猪瘟#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99516, encryptionId=b33499516c4, topicName=非洲猪瘟)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=202330680732, createdName=ycmayy, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 18:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1339061, encodeId=0fba13390613e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=447663054f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#欧洲#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63054, encryptionId=447663054f5, topicName=欧洲)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/PiajxSqBRaEKxsKDoOOFxGpMibw6lsQFUIicWt7kWGevkdgFhjiban1icD2JdIBmjVo7qX7aSlCSpiaia382nuLKiaI3Cg/132, createdBy=5c442500150, createdName=ms9474365431325850, createdTime=Fri Jan 05 11:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1555269, encodeId=a9a61555269dc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f367681e434' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#猪#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68174, encryptionId=f367681e434, topicName=猪)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9ec214601917, createdName=muzishouyi, createdTime=Fri Jan 05 11:58:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=275281, encodeId=e24b2e528151, content=很好的文章,学习了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=48ce1618316, createdName=stupidox, createdTime=Thu Jan 04 07:25:47 CST 2018, time=2018-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=275169, encodeId=46452e51696a, content=学习学习.了解了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Jan 03 23:14:04 CST 2018, time=2018-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=275131, encodeId=f9d92e5131c9, content=少吃猪肉, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7f542209290, createdName=120d0554m71暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Jan 03 21:08:50 CST 2018, time=2018-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-03 120d0554m71暂无昵称

    少吃猪肉

    0

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