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Dany-Walker综合征,这些你知道吗?

2023-05-05 放射沙龙 放射沙龙 发表于上海

Dandy–Walker氏综合征又称:Dandy–Walker畸形;第四脑室孔闭塞综合征;非交通性脑积水。

病例

患者,男,3岁

主诉:运动发育落后

入院行磁共振平扫检查

影像学表现

脑内未见明显异常信号,四脑室无明显扩大,后颅窝扩大,第四脑室与后颅窝巨大囊肿相通,呈均匀的脑脊液信号,小脑幕抬高,超过人字缝,小脑蚓部全部或部分缺如,中线结构居中。

讨论

Dandy-Walker综合征又称先天性第四脑室中孔侧孔闭锁, 是一种罕见的小脑发育畸形,可引起第四脑室囊性扩大和继发性梗阻性脑积水,本病可以见于任何年龄,但以儿童期最多见,Hoffman等报道约89%的患者于1岁内发病。

1982年French综合各家对本病的起因研究,归纳为4点:

①胚胎时期四脑室出孔闭锁;

②胚胎时期小脑蚓部融合不良;

③胚胎时期神经管闭合不全,形成神经管裂;

④脑脊液流体动力学的变化。

本病的病因及发病机制至今尚未清楚,可能是胚胎发育5-12周时发生第四脑室渗透性损伤和蚓部发育不全,与感染、遗传或代谢等因素有关,可能的感染因素包括风疹病毒、巨细胞病毒感染,弓形体感染。可能与饮酒及母体糖尿病,孕母服用华法林等相关。染色体异常也可以导致该病的发生,已报道的相关染色体异常有: 13、20、21、22、5p、9p、9q、11q、15q、x、2q、8q、6q。Dandy-Walker综合征可以是某些遗传性综合征的表现之一,约有40种遗传性综合征可合并该病。

临床表现

临床表现通常以脑积水和颅高压症状为主,表现为兴奋性增强、头痛、呕吐等;可伴有眼球震颤和第Ⅳ对脑神经麻痹,步态蹒跚及共济失调。痫性发作、智力障碍、小脑性共济失调、头昏通常出现较早。

Dandy-Walk-er综合征常合并有其他畸形,中枢神经系统畸形有:胼胝体发育不良、多小脑回、灰质异位、枕叶脑膨出,无脑回、脊髓空洞症、中脑导水管硬化、脊柱裂、巨脑回、脑穿通畸形、室管膜下异位症、脑桥发育不良等。

CT表现

典型型表现:

①第四脑室呈囊状、扇形、三角形、不规则形显著扩张或后颅窝巨大囊状阴影与第四脑室相通;

②小脑蚓部缺失,小脑半球发育不良、完全分离;

③后颅窝容积扩大,窦汇异常抬高,越过人字缝/天幕抬高;

④多数病例幕上脑室扩张/梗阻性脑积水;

⑤可合并其他畸形。变异型和典型型相比存在一些差异,表现为第四脑室相对正常,小脑溪加宽,下蚓部发育不全,上蚓部相对正常,幕上脑室扩张或不扩张。

MRI表现

MRI表现具有以下特征:

①后颅窝扩大,第四脑室囊状扩大占据后颅窝或者是与后颅窝   巨大囊肿相通,呈均匀的脑脊液信号;

②小脑天幕、窦汇抬高,超过人字缝,这是特征性改变,可以此同后颅窝其他病变相鉴别; 

③小脑蚓部全部或部分缺如,同时可伴随小脑半球发育不良,发育不良的小脑半球变薄分离移位,脑干压迫前移,桥脑前池、桥小脑角池消失;

④幕上常伴有不同程度梗阻性脑积水;

⑤常伴有胼胝体、小脑扁桃体发育不全;

⑥可伴有其他颅内畸形。

鉴别诊断

①先天变异巨枕大池,又称Blake囊肿,囊肿与四脑室和蛛网膜下腔相交通。枕大池向两侧对称性或偏一侧性扩大伸展,小脑及脑干形态、位置正常,四脑室无扩大,无幕上脑积水。临床无症状,无需治疗;

②后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿,一般发生于小脑后,位于中线或稍偏一侧,小脑无发育畸形,四脑室无扩大,囊肿不与四脑室相通。如囊肿较大,小脑半球可有压迫,四脑室变形移位,幕上有或无脑积水;

③囊性肿瘤性病变,占位表现类似蛛网膜囊肿。但蛛网膜囊肿为均匀的脑脊液密度,囊壁薄光整,边界锐利,无对比剂强化,肿瘤性病变有强化改变,鉴别不难。

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    2023-05-06 郭晓如 来自山西省

    谢谢老师!受益匪浅

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2130527, encodeId=d441213052ea6, content=谢谢老师!受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210822/49b92230fe0b414e886689ea9c0df933/abf2c31b5e0b4bd68df353f71887d9ef.jpg, createdBy=4a922829378, createdName=郭晓如, createdTime=Sat May 06 17:39:19 CST 2023, time=2023-05-06, status=1, ipAttribution=山西省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2130388, encodeId=68462130388d2, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200814/81d08245657a4a7f9a1ef713c0ec5878/ec4b201a22194a319b1aeb171bc6bb3d.jpg, createdBy=41e02111625, createdName=1581f8c42cm, createdTime=Sat May 06 06:58:06 CST 2023, time=2023-05-06, status=1, ipAttribution=宁夏), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2130353, encodeId=2b392130353e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=082e10613e92' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Dany-Walker综合征#</a><a href='/topic/show?id=5a8be955621' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#罕见病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=106137, encryptionId=082e10613e92, topicName=Dany-Walker综合征), TopicDto(id=79556, encryptionId=5a8be955621, topicName=罕见病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/Random/55971dc507c93968175ce7cc1e177b372a83869f.jpg, createdBy=f63e4754896, createdName=侠胆医心, createdTime=Sat May 06 02:02:22 CST 2023, time=2023-05-06, status=1, ipAttribution=上海)]
    2023-05-06 1581f8c42cm 来自宁夏

    学习

    0

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