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超声引导下锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞详解

2014-12-24 白水 医学界麻醉频道

超声引导下锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞是一项传统的上肢手术麻醉方法,其成功有赖于准确的神经定位、进针和局麻药的注入。传统方法多采用解剖定位或神经刺激器辅助定位的方法进行臂丛神经阻滞,但最终其阻滞效果往往不理想并且可能带来严重的并发症。 近年来随着超声定位技术在臂丛神经阻滞中的应用,为操作者提供了目标区域的实时解剖学信息,因此能够清晰地分辨神经及周围组织的结构,引导穿刺针到达靶神经,并观察局麻药的扩散规律,

超声引导下锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞是一项传统的上肢手术麻醉方法,其成功有赖于准确的神经定位、进针和局麻药的注入。传统方法多采用解剖定位或神经刺激器辅助定位的方法进行臂丛神经阻滞,但最终其阻滞效果往往不理想并且可能带来严重的并发症。

近年来随着超声定位技术在臂丛神经阻滞中的应用,为操作者提供了目标区域的实时解剖学信息,因此能够清晰地分辨神经及周围组织的结构,引导穿刺针到达靶神经,并观察局麻药的扩散规律,从而减少了局麻药的用量,提高了神经阻滞的成功率,并且最大限度的减少了并发症的发生。

目前超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞根据入路不同又分为以下六种:

1、锁骨上入路

2、锁骨下入路

3、斜角肌间隙入路

4、颈部神经根入路

5、喙突旁入路

6、腋路入路

锁骨上径路与其他入路相比,锁骨上臂丛神经的走行更为集中,有利于局麻药的包绕阻滞,故此次重点介绍锁骨上径路单靶点注射的操作方法。

一、选择扫描点:

患者取仰卧位,头偏向患侧45℃,锁骨中点上约1.5cm。

二、超声频率:

10~14MHz

三、超声图像特点:

锁骨上臂丛神经,臂丛神经横断面呈低回声,黑色,周围是三角形的高回声的神经鞘(白色),内侧是圆型搏动环低回声锁骨下动脉,锁骨下动脉位于高回声的第一肋上方。神经鞘内的神经分支形成5-6个黑色圆环,周围被高回声环(纤维膈)包裹分隔成独立的室(这就是锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞单点注药起效慢和阻滞不全的原因)。斜角肌肌肉呈低回声(黑色),下方也可见到呈高回声(白色)的胸膜顶神经分支情况。

四、穿刺过程:

1、超声监视下,从探头的外方进针。

2、于浅表神经束之间,注入局麻药5-8ml,神经束可因药液的注入而分散开。

3、继续进针并注射药液,最后进针至锁骨下动脉旁的臂丛神经下干前、后两股间注入局麻药,过程中实时观察局麻药的扩散情况。

        4、神经束被药液浸润:

五、注意事项:

如果针和探头不在同轴度时,针尖不能完全看见,进针则可能比预计的深。因此初学者在穿刺过程中完整显示穿刺针可能存在一定难度,在锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞过程中,仍然可能刺到胸膜,引起气胸。平面技术是非常重要的,所以出于安全考虑,必须同时显示胸膜和穿刺针。

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    2015-12-26 hixiaoluo

    值得收藏,学习,谢谢分享

    0

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    2014-12-26 slcumt
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