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Nature Materials:神奇材料!让免疫系统持续不排斥移植物

2018-06-06 小通 生物通

通过指导关键免疫细胞接受移植胰岛,研究人员开辟了一种潜在的I型糖尿病治疗新途径。如果这种方法最终被用于人类,I型糖尿病就可能不再受长期免疫系统抑制并发症影响。


通过指导关键免疫细胞接受移植胰岛,研究人员开辟了一种潜在的I型糖尿病治疗新途径。如果这种方法最终被用于人类,I型糖尿病就可能不再受长期免疫系统抑制并发症影响。

6月4日,《Nature Materials》报道,利用合成水凝胶颗粒(微凝胶)技术为免疫系统效应T细胞呈递Fas配体蛋白(Fas ligand,FasL),再伴随胰岛一起移植。FasL蛋白“调教”作为免疫系统看家犬的“效应T细胞”,让它们在动物体内不被排斥。

将FasL呈递颗粒简单地与活体胰岛混合,然后移植到化学诱导糖尿病小鼠模型体内,移植后小鼠在长达200多天的观察期仍未出现免疫排斥。研究人员认为,FasL呈递水凝胶无需个性化定制,可用作胰岛移植的“常备”现成疗法。目前,这种技术已经在非人灵长类动物中展开试验研究。

“这种生物材料打断了身体拒绝移植组织和器官的意图,受体无需接受持续的标准免疫抑制,”路易斯维尔大学细胞疗法研究所分子免疫调节项目主任Haval Shirwan说。“我们预期,进一步实验将证明它将对骨髓和其他实体器官移植具有潜在用途。”

在美国,大约125万人患有I型糖尿病,不同于II型糖尿病,I型糖尿病的胰岛细胞被自身的免疫系统破坏,因而机体无法根据葡萄糖水平生产胰岛素。治疗方法包括频繁注射胰岛素,但是治标不治本。

这几年,研究人员实验性地对I型糖尿病患者采取胰岛细胞移植,最终几乎都失败了,即使他们已经使用了极强的免疫系统抑制措施。

“抑制免疫系统的药物对移植过来的胰岛细胞来说是有毒的,”乔治亚理工学院机械工程学院教授Andrés García说。“胰岛移植临床试验确实显示出了有效性,但是几年后,移植物不可避免地被排斥了。这是一种很有希望的疗法,但是无法获得持久疗效。”

García说,免疫系统抑制不仅对胰岛细胞有毒,也使患者更容易受感染和肿瘤等不良影响。其他研究人员正在探索保护胰岛免受攻击的技术,迄今为止还没有成功。

这篇《Nature Materials》采取了完全不同的方法,通过呈现免疫系统细胞中心调节器FasL蛋白,科学家们成功阻断了免疫系统攻击细胞。只要接受了“调教”,受体细胞似乎就能持续地接受移植胰岛细胞,即便FasL已经消失。

García实验室使用直径约150微米(与胰岛细胞大小相同)的聚合水凝胶颗粒捕获FasL覆盖在其粒子表面,以便效应细胞发现。

“在移植时,我们从尸体上取出胰岛,然后在手术室把它们与颗粒混合后再送到动物体内,”García解释。“我们不需要修改胰岛或抑制免疫系统,治疗后,动物就能正常工作,并保持免疫系统的完整运转。”

水凝胶只要在移植前两周就能准备好,而且可以与所有胰岛细胞混合。这项技术的关键性进步是这种物质能诱导免疫系统的接收能力,并且操作简便。

在小鼠实验中,胰岛被植入肾脏和腹部脂肪垫,如果换成人体实验,胰岛和生物材料可能会被腹腔镜放置到大网膜中。Garcia实验室曾在小鼠体内证明,它能刺激血管长进移植胰岛之中。

未来,研究者希望,观察这些移植物在更复杂的免疫系统中是否能保持更长时间。只要减少尸体胰岛损伤,新技术将扩大可供糖尿病患者利用的供体细胞治疗。

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    2018-08-25 liye789132251
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    2018-09-05 xuyong535
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    2018-06-07 kafei

    学习了谢谢分享

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