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上腔静脉综合征麻醉抢救及管理一例

2018-04-24 何苗 邓磊 王两忠 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,男,70岁,167cm,64kg。

【一般资料】

患者,男,70岁,167cm,64kg。

【主诉】

因“反复头晕、耳鸣14年,加重伴心慌、呼吸困难半月”入院。

【初步诊断

术前诊断:1)颈部肿物:性质待诊;2)多处淋巴结肿大:淋巴瘤?3)高血压3级(极高危)、高血压心脏病、慢性心功能不全;4)位置性眩晕;5)脑动脉硬化、脑血管供血不足;6)双鼻窦囊肿。

【辅助检查】

拟在全身麻醉下行“颈部肿物切除活检术”。术前颈胸部CT示:左颈根部、胸廓入口处占位,双下颌、腋窝、颈部多发结节(颈部结节位于气管的侧后方),考虑淋巴瘤;上腔静脉、双侧肺动脉干受压狭窄;广泛皮下水肿,考虑上腔静脉综合征(superiorvenacavasyndrome,SVCS);双侧少量胸腔积液;气管不受压。心脏彩超示:左室舒张功能降低,少量心包积液,EF68%。肺功能:第1秒用力呼气量(FEVO/用力肺活量(FVC)67%,FEV172%^轻度混合型通气功能障碍,重度肺气肿。动脉血气分析:FiO221%,pH7.467,PaO287.3mmHg,PaCO229.1mmHg,SpO294.2mmHg,BE-1.6mmol/L。ECG示:阵发性房颤。余检查无特殊。查体:神清合作,半坐位呼吸;头颈、上肢、胸部水肿,颈胸部静脉明显扩张;双肺呼吸音粗、心律齐、各瓣膜听诊区未闻及病理性杂音。张口度3指,MallampatiII级,甲颏间距约6.0cm。

【治疗】

首次麻醉过程:患者入室呈半坐位,BP152/80mmHg,HR112次/分,鼻导管吸氧时SpO291%~94%(FiO233%)脱氧时SpO285%~89%。因活检位置的淋巴结靠近胸廓入口、颈部解剖变异及患者无法配合达到手术体位,故拟采用镇静遗忘状态下保留自主呼吸时插管全麻。诱导时患者平卧位,左下肢静脉穿刺输液,缓慢静脉注射舒芬太尼0.1μg/kg、瑞芬太尼1μg/kg、依托咪酯0.2mg/kg,患者出现面罩通气困难,SpO294%迅速降至65%左右。遂给予罗库溴铵10mg,通气未见改善。迅速插入喉罩(4*),喉罩通气时气道压高,Vt波动在90~120ml,氧合稍有改善,但无法维持SpO2在85%以上。立即行纤支镜检查,可见声门上组织水肿,咽腔严重狭窄,气管塌陷。此时BP190~220/100~120mmHg,HR140~160次/分。立即静脉注射新斯的明1mg、纳洛酮0.4mg行催醒处理;分次静脉注射美托洛尔5mg减慢HR,尼卡地平2mg及乌拉地尔10mg降低血压,HR、BP无明显变化;同时静脉注射地塞米松10mg、氢化可的松100mg行激素冲击治疗。待患者自主呼吸恢复、神志清楚、脱氧SpO285%~87%时拔出喉罩。改半坐位,面罩吸氧,SpO2维持在90%左右。再行纤维支气管镜检查,发现声门上组织水肿,气管未见受压。此时,患者口吐大量白色泡沬痰,听诊双肺布满湿啰音,考虑肺水肿的可能,遂静脉注射呋塞米10mg利尿,同时转入ICU进一步观察治疗。入ICU后经多科讨论,高度怀疑恶性淋巴瘤,遂给予激素冲击、利尿及抗感染治疗。患者经激素冲击治疗2周后,面颈部水肿消失,无明显呼吸困难,脱氧SpO292%~96%,能下床活动,爬梯试验3楼。再次行胸部CT检查示:左侧颈根部-纵膈内病灶较前明显增大,占位效应明显增大,侧支循环增多,双侧胸腔积液增多。直接喉镜检查示:喉镜显露分级II级。余检查无特殊。拟再次在全麻下行“颈部肿物切除活检术”二次麻醉过程:患者入室BP144/80mmHg,HR110次/分,脱氧SpO294%,面罩吸氧SpO299%。诱导时采用头高脚低位25°~30°左下肢静脉穿刺输液。插管前静脉注射咪达唑仑1mg、氢化可的松100mg和氨茶碱0.25g。经利多卡因喷雾剂咽喉部充分表麻及2%利多卡因环甲膜穿刺气管内表麻后,采用纤支镜清醒气管插管(钢丝加强管7.5*)。插管成功后,静脉注射舒芬太尼2μg/kg、丙泊酚15mg/kg和尼卡地平0.2mg。麻醉维持采用吸入1%七氟醚,静脉泵注瑞芬太尼4~6μg?kg-1?h-1、丙泊酚3mg·kg-1·h-1。术中保留患者自主呼吸,维持BP130~150/80~100mmHg、HR80~90次/分。手术历时50min,补液500ml。术毕改半坐位,待患者完全清醒后拔出气管导管,术毕安返病房。术中活检结果示:弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤,遂转入血液内科接受后续治疗。

【讨论】

SVCS是一组由于上腔静脉回流到右心房的血流受阻,引发其回流区域的组织静脉压增高导致的症候群。患者往往出现急性或亚急性呼吸困难和面颈肿胀,需要紧急处理。检查可见面颈、上肢和胸部淤血水肿,进而发展为缺氧和脑静脉压力增高(头痛、嗜睡、头昏和昏迷等)。亦可发生霍纳综合征、喉返神经麻痹、胸腔积液及气管食管受压等。SVCS的病因最常见的原因是恶性肿瘤(85%),主要是支气管癌(68%)和恶性淋巴瘤(6%)。本例患者属于非霍奇金淋巴瘤导致的SVCS。大部分SVCS患者需要在局麻下行组织活检,以确定诊断和制定治疗方案。若无法在局麻下进行,则需在确定气道风险和血管受累情况后谨慎实施全麻。全麻诱导可加重SVCS的症状,因此SVCS患者全麻死亡率高。若评估全麻存在较高风险,则应在麻醉前行放化疗或血管内支架植入术,以减轻静脉梗阻的程度、症状及全身麻醉的风险。若出现气道梗阻,可将患者摆放为左侧卧位或俯卧位;旦该类患者一旦在麻醉中发生气道梗阻,往往进展凶险,甚至来不及更换体位就已经发生呼吸心跳骤停。若患者行肿瘤切除手术,则麻醉诱导前应建立体外腋-股静脉转流以缓解SVCS的梗阻症状,术前梗阻严重者需在体外循环辅助下完成手术。对于SVCS患者应选择下肢静脉穿刺输液,避免在上肢、颈外及锁骨下静脉穿刺输液,以免增加上腔静脉内的静脉压力,加重头面及上肢水肿。困难气道是指5年以上临床经验的麻醉医师在面罩通气时或/和气管插管时遇到困难。本例患者存在面罩通气困难和插管困难,属于急诊困难气道。其出现困难气道的原因可能有:1)上腔静脉回流受阻,导致气道周围组织水肿;2)双侧肺动脉干受压狭窄,肺内血流减少,通气/血流比值失调;3)麻醉后气管塌陷;4)淋巴回流受阻。对预计插管困难者,应在清醒或镇静遗忘状态下保留自主呼吸时插管;对于SVCS患者则首选清醒、坐位/头高脚低位及充分局麻下行纤支镜引导下气管插管(钢丝加强管)。本例患者首次麻醉时拟采用镇静遗忘状态下保留自主呼吸时插管,在给予阿片类药物后出现了呼吸抑制、通气困难、SpO2急性进行性下降,当时误判为胸壁强直而大胆地给予了肌松药是非常冒险的。当患者出现急诊困难气道时,及时地采取了催醒处理,是本次麻醉抢救成功的关键。本例患者因咽喉腔水肿、狭窄、解剖异常及气管受压(气道阻力增高),致使喉罩通气时严重漏气,在抢救时应考虑使用小一号的喉罩。气管阻塞是SVCS患者全麻诱导时最常见的并发症,全麻诱导时一旦气管塌陷,往往是致命性的。本例患者首次麻醉时气管塌陷的原因考虑:1)全麻时支气管平滑肌松弛,大气道更易受压;2)肌松药使气道扩张能力及跨胸膜压消失,增加了胸腔内气管受压;3)仰卧位时颈部水肿组织因重力作用直接压迫气道;4)因颈部淋巴瘤及水肿的长期压迫,不排除气管软化的可能。许多SVCS患者在肿物切除术后,因上腔静脉梗阻缓解,静脉回流增加,可导致肺水肿。而本例患者并未解除上腔静脉梗阻,却在首次麻醉中出现了肺水肿,其最可能是发生了“负压性肺水肿”患者在给予催醒和肌松拮抗处理后,自主呼吸恢复,而此时气道梗阻尚未解除,患者持续用力吸气以对抗呼吸道梗阻,导致了过高的胸腔内负压,使回到右心和肺循环的血流量增加。同时,患者缺氧、CO2潴留后引起的体循环血压增高,左心室后负荷增加,进一步导致肺循环负荷量加重。术前访视和阅读病史是估计SVCS患者潜在性困难气道和避免发生严重意外的最佳方法。SVCS患者麻醉前应根据病情进行放化疗、放置血管内支架或行上下腔静脉转流术,在缓解上腔静脉梗阻症状后谨慎实施清醒插管全麻。在麻醉过程中,当无法保证通气时,不宜使用肌松药,特别是预计通气困难或重度插管困难患者。

原始出处:

何苗, 邓磊, 王两忠. 上腔静脉综合征麻醉抢救及管理一例. 临床麻醉学杂志 2017年4月第33卷第4期

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    2018-08-25 fusion
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    2018-04-26 lfyang
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    2018-04-25 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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