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Sci Immun:华人科学家顾臻又出新成果啦!这次是“癌症免疫疗法贴片”

2017-11-16 佚名 生物探索

相信大家还记得开发出“减肥贴片”、“人造β细胞”的华人科学家顾臻。最近,教授又有新成果啦!这是一种黑色素介导的“癌症免疫疗法贴片”,研究结果证实,该技术不仅能发挥治疗作用,还可作为一种癌症疫苗。

黑色素是一种天然色素,能够有效地将吸收的太阳光能量转化为热量。在这篇发表于Science Immunology杂志上研究中,科学家们证实,在黑色素瘤中水平非常高的黑色素,实际上能够被用于帮助治疗这类癌症,基于此还开发出相应贴片

那么,研究人员是如何做到这一点的呢?这要从lysate(裂解物),也就是这个技术的开端讲起。

如何“制成”癌症免疫疗法贴片

Lysate是由破裂的黑色素瘤细胞组成的肿瘤原浆(tumor puree)。为了制成癌症免疫疗法贴片,研究人员将lysate填充进一排排微针(microneedles)中,而这些微针被镶嵌在一张贴片上。

当“lysate贴片”被贴到皮肤上,免疫系统的自然反应是:不管lysate究竟是什么,它都本不该出现在那里。因此,“lysate贴片”会触发免疫反应的形成,而这种免疫反应则会让免疫系统记住lysate,在机体再次遭遇黑色素瘤时,提高免疫反应的时间和效率。

由于黑色素瘤细胞含有非常高水平的黑色素,因此,被填充了lysate的微针颜色非常暗,但黑色素有一个重要特性——吸收光线。研究者们在他们的新技术中巧妙地利用了这一点:给“lysate贴片”照射近红外光(near infrared light),这使得贴了“lysate贴片”的皮肤温度快速升高。

接着,局部发热会导致皮肤产生类似发热的环境(fever-like environment),促进lysate从微针中释放出来,从而有效吸引和激活免疫细胞。同时,温度升高也有助于局部增加血液和淋巴流动,进而促进免疫细胞的迁移。这样一原来,提升的免疫响应将增加机体“记住”和“响应”lysate的能力,从而更好地阻止黑色素瘤的侵害。


Credit: Ye et al., Sci. Immunol. 2, eaan5692 (2017)

既可作为疫苗,也具治疗潜能

为了测试“lysate贴片”作为一种疫苗的潜力,科学家们使用了三组小鼠:1)一组小鼠贴了“lysate贴片”,并暴露在近红外光下;2)一组小鼠贴了“lysate贴片”,但没有照射近红外光;3)一组小鼠贴了不含lysate的“空贴片”。贴片被贴10天后,小鼠被注射了激活的黑色素瘤细胞。

一个月内,所有贴“空贴片”的小鼠死于黑色素瘤。贴 “lysate贴片”但是没有照射近红外光的小鼠得到了很少的保护,只有13%的小鼠存活下来,而两个月后,贴“lysate贴片”且照射近红外光的小鼠100%存活下来,且87%的小鼠没有肿瘤。

为了进一步测试该贴片的治疗活性,研究人员进行了一个类似的实验。唯一不同的是,实验开始时,小鼠都已经形成了两个肿瘤——身体的两侧各有一个。“lysate贴片”或“空贴片”被贴在身体左侧的肿瘤上。分组情况与前述实验相同:1)“lysate贴片+近红外光”组;2)“lysate贴片”组;3)“空贴片”组。

结果显示,“lysate贴片+近红外光”组的小鼠身体两侧的肿瘤体积显着降低,且左侧肿瘤缩小的更多。参与该研究的Gianpietro Dotti教授认为,这些实验结果表明,黑色素介导的癌症免疫疗法贴片技术具有靶向原发性肿瘤和转移性肿瘤的潜能。

此外,研究人员还利用由两种其他癌症——乳腺癌和另一种黑色素瘤——制成的“lysate贴片”进行了相似的实验。值得一提的是,科学家们在这两种癌细胞制成的lysate中都添加了黑色素,目的是使其能够更容易吸收光。最终,研究结果与前文中的实验结果是相似的:“lysate贴片与近红外光”的组合获得了最好的结果。

顾臻教授说:“这些结果是令人鼓舞的,不过,我们还处于早期开发阶段。下一步,我们将在更大型的动物实验中评估这一技术的安全性和有效性。虽然现在估算成本还为时过早,但我们认为,这种治疗方法是可以负担得起的。”

“智能贴片”对抗糖尿病、癌症、肥胖

顾臻教授最初因“智能胰岛素贴片”(该技术入选了《科学》杂志“2015年十大科技图片”)等糖尿病领域的突出成果受到学界的关注。近两年,他和他的团队正把在糖尿病研究中积累的经验,成功应用到癌症免疫疗法相关技术的开发上。

除了最新发表的这项新成果,在去年3月发表在Nano Letters上的一篇论文中,他们提出一个递送PD-1抗体的“贴片技术”。具体来说,科学家们首先将PD-1抗体与葡萄糖氧化酶一起装入纳米颗粒中,再将纳米颗粒装到微针中,最后将这些微针排列在贴片表面(下图)。使用时,血液会进入微针,血液中的葡萄糖在葡萄糖氧化酶的作用下产生酸,慢慢分解纳米颗粒。随着纳米颗粒逐渐被降解,PD-1抗体即可被释放到肿瘤中。

研究人员在黑色素瘤小鼠模型中测试了该技术。40天后,40%经微针贴片注射的小鼠存活下来,且没有检测到残余的黑色素瘤;而对照组小鼠存活率为零。此外,他们还检测了一种鸡尾酒疗法,即将纳米颗粒中同时填充了PD-1抗体和另一种免疫疗法药物CTLA-4抗体。采用微针贴片治疗40天后,70%的小鼠存活下来,且没有检测到残留的黑色素瘤。

除了糖尿病、癌症领域的成果,探索君不久前介绍的顾臻教授团队开发的“减肥贴片”也受到了广泛的关注(华人科学家顾臻新成果!无需运动就能减肥,一张“贴片”简单告别脂肪)。这些成果的发表证明了贴片技术在多种疾病中的治疗潜能。希望经过进一步的动物实验、人体试验的验证,这类技术能够获批上市,真正帮助到患者。

原始出处:

Yanqi Ye, Chao Wang, Xudong Zhang, et al. A melanin-mediated cancer immunotherapy patch. Science Immunology  10 Nov 2017:Vol. 2, Issue 17, eaan5692.DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aan5692

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    2018-09-02 wgx306
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    2017-11-17 llaq

    癌症免疫疗法

    0

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    2017-11-16 中医痴

    不错的.学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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