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李斯特菌:不怕冷的危险分子

2015-05-11 阮光锋 果壳网

前段时间,美国疾病控制预防中心宣布,美国蓝铃(Blue Bell)公司的冰淇淋产品检出李斯特菌,并且已经至少导致8人感染、3人死亡。而这种冰淇淋去年也已进入中国市场,在上海、四川、黑龙江等地都有销售。消息一出,引来了不少消费者的担忧。李斯特菌是种什么菌?它为什么会出现在冰淇淋里?受污染的食品又会有多大危害呢? 李斯特菌,就在我们身边 很多人对于李斯特菌这个名字感到非常陌生,而事实上,它离我

前段时间,美国疾病控制预防中心宣布,美国蓝铃(Blue Bell)公司的冰淇淋产品检出李斯特菌,并且已经至少导致8人感染、3人死亡。而这种冰淇淋去年也已进入中国市场,在上海、四川、黑龙江等地都有销售。消息一出,引来了不少消费者的担忧。李斯特菌是种什么菌?它为什么会出现在冰淇淋里?受污染的食品又会有多大危害呢?


李斯特菌,就在我们身边

很多人对于李斯特菌这个名字感到非常陌生,而事实上,它离我们的生活并不遥远。
李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)是一种致病细菌,它在环境中相当常见,泥土、植物、动物饲料以及人类和动物粪便当中都可以找到它的身影。也正是由于这种广泛存在的特性,使得李斯特菌比较容易污染我们的食品,进而引起人类的食源性疾病。



电镜下的李斯特菌。图片来自:textbookofbacteriology.net

美国跨部门食品安全分析合作(Interagency Food Safety Analytics Collaboration,IFSA)最新报告指出,在美国引起食源性疾病最常见的四种致病菌中就包括李斯特菌[1]。数据显示,李斯特菌在美国每年约引起2500例疾病和500例死亡[2]。在2011年,欧盟报告了1470例李斯特菌感染病例,死亡率为12.7%[3]。

哪些食物最容易被污染?

李斯特菌散布于不同的环境和食物中,只要有充裕的时间,它就能够大量繁殖。那么,哪些食物最容易被李斯特菌污染呢?

过去的纪录显示,李斯特菌病可能污染软芝士、涂酱、已经煮熟的冷冻鸡肉食品、经加工的熟火鸡肉、冻烟熏鱼类及未经酸化的猪舌肉冻等多种食物。美国疾病与预防控制中心提示,以下食物存在李斯特菌污染风险:

用未经高温消毒的生乳制作的奶酪
  • 未经杀菌的蛋黄酱
  • 提前做好、存放时间较长的三明治
  • 未完全煮熟的豆芽
  • 外面购买的沙拉包或提前准备好的沙拉


原图来自:美国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)网站

李斯特菌污染食物的问题不分国界,在我国也有同样的问题发生。2001年我国对11个省市生肉、熟肉、生奶、冰淇淋等7类食物进行抽检发现,在这7类食品中均发现了受到李斯特菌污染的情况,这其中生肉的污染最为多见[4]。2004年北京市抽检显示,很多生肉、熟肉、生吃蔬菜和水产中都可检出李斯特菌污染。这其中,生肉是食品链中最主要的风险来源,而熟肉和生吃蔬菜之类直接入口的食品则是控制李斯特菌的关键环节[5]。
  
冰淇淋中为何有李斯特菌?

冰淇淋一般都是冷冻保存的。按理说,低温冷冻的条件应该不利于细菌生存,那么为何冰淇淋中还会检出李斯特菌呢?这是因为,李斯特菌有一个重要的特性——不怕冷。李斯特菌在低至零度的冷藏温度下仍可缓慢地生长,一般的冷冻也不足以将它们杀死,所以,冰淇淋中也可能有李斯特菌的存在。

不过,冰淇淋中的李斯特菌究竟来自哪里呢?一种可能性是生产原料受到污染,同时后期杀菌不严,导致细菌进入最终产品。另外,在冰淇淋的生产过程中,一些环节也可能造成李斯特菌污染。中山市出入境检验检疫局曾对一些冷饮制品企业进行调查,结果在生产车间的天花进风口冷凝水中检出了李斯特菌。冷饮制品加工环境湿度大,易产生冷凝水,这些冷凝水经风力在空气中扩散,也可能将细菌带入产品中[6]。

李斯特菌有多危险?

首先说,并不是所有通过食物接触李斯特菌的人都会生病,真正发生食源性李斯特菌病的情况还是比较罕见的。但是,在发病的人群中,李斯特菌却可能带来相当严重甚至致命的后果。李斯特菌病的患者通常会在进食受污染食物后三至七十天内出现症状,包括类似感冒症状、恶心、呕吐、腹部痉挛、腹泻、头痛、便秘及持续发烧,严重的感染个案也可能出现败血病和脑膜炎。
李斯特菌最容易影响的是孕妇、初生婴儿、长者和免疫力较低的人群(例如艾滋病、糖尿病、癌症患者)。所以这些人群在食品卫生安全方面需要格外留意。孕妇感染李斯特菌之后本人可能并不会出现严重的症状,但细菌可以通过胎盘传染胎儿,并可能造成流产、败血病和初生婴儿脑膜炎等严重后果,因此也需要注意。

如何避免李斯特菌感染?

针对本次的污染事件,蓝铃公司已经召回了旗下的相关产品,美国CDC和我国食药局也都建议,如果已经购买了这种冰淇淋,应该避免食用[7]。在选购易被李斯特菌污染的食物(尤其是保质期较长的冷藏即食食物)时,应注意查看食物包装是否完好。如果发现包装有破损, 最好不要购买。

在个人卫生方面,应该注意在处理食物前后、进食前、上厕所后或更换尿片后清洗双手。平时做饭时,也要保持清洁、生熟分开、保证食物彻底加热,并使用安全的水和原材料。
在食物选择方面,要避免饮用未经杀菌处理的牛奶,或进食未经杀菌处理的乳制品。孕妇、老年人及免疫功能受损的人士应避免进食高风险的食物。同时,妥善地贮存食物也很重要。需要特别提醒的是,冰箱并不是保险箱,在冰箱里一样有可能滋生李斯特菌。近三分之二的李斯特菌感染者被证实他们家里的冰箱中都有李斯特菌。因此,要定期对冰箱进行清理、消毒,存放在冰箱里的剩饭剩菜、熟肉制品也最好充分加热之后再吃[8]。

参考资料:

1.The Atlantic. The Most Common Sources of Food Poisoning.
2.Varma JK, et al. Listeria monocytogenes infection from foods prepared in a commercial establishment: a case-control study of potential sources of sporadic illness in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2007, 15;44(4):521-8.
3.EFSA reports on Listeria levels in certain ready-to-eat foods.
4.吴蜀豫, 李迎惠, 冉陆, 等. 中国2001年11省(市)食品中李斯特菌污染状况的主动监测.中华流行病学杂志, 2003年08期.
5.崔京辉, 李达, 王永全, 等. 2004~2005年北京市食品中单核细胞增生性李斯特菌的污染状况调查. 中国卫生检验杂志, 2006, 16(12).
6.王冬, 冯云, 邓涛, 等. 冷饮制品污染单核细胞增生性李斯特菌的调查. 《中国国境卫生检疫杂志》 2008年05期
7.蓝铃公司已召回全部未售出的冰淇淋产品 食品药品监管总局提醒消费者不要食用已购产品
8.FDA. Keep Listeria Out of Your Kitchen.

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    2015-05-13 huaxipanxing

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    2015-05-12 lovejing

    新技能get

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    2015-05-12 117.136.81.**

    新讯息

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23397, encodeId=74672339e92, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Wed May 13 21:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1548600, encodeId=18081548600c9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fda6614189d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#李斯特菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61418, encryptionId=fda6614189d, topicName=李斯特菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=325814095360, createdName=ms1343860338762272, createdTime=Wed May 13 07:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23208, encodeId=9d632320817, content=新技能get, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=159, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9e0b1603164, createdName=lovejing, createdTime=Tue May 12 07:22:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23205, encodeId=7f6f23205ec, content=新讯息, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=146, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=117.136.81.**, createdTime=Tue May 12 07:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23186, encodeId=872a231868d, content=有怕热的,也有怕冷的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=hbwang006, createdTime=Mon May 11 23:49:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23185, encodeId=d76223185de, content=就是, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=hbwang006, createdTime=Mon May 11 23:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-11 hbwang006

    有怕热的,也有怕冷的

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23397, encodeId=74672339e92, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Wed May 13 21:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1548600, encodeId=18081548600c9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fda6614189d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#李斯特菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61418, encryptionId=fda6614189d, topicName=李斯特菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=325814095360, createdName=ms1343860338762272, createdTime=Wed May 13 07:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23208, encodeId=9d632320817, content=新技能get, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=159, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9e0b1603164, createdName=lovejing, createdTime=Tue May 12 07:22:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23205, encodeId=7f6f23205ec, content=新讯息, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=146, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=117.136.81.**, createdTime=Tue May 12 07:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23186, encodeId=872a231868d, content=有怕热的,也有怕冷的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=hbwang006, createdTime=Mon May 11 23:49:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23185, encodeId=d76223185de, content=就是, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=hbwang006, createdTime=Mon May 11 23:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-11 hbwang006

    就是

    0

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