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病毒或许是驱动机体蛋白质组氨基酸适应性改变的“罪魁祸首”

2016-08-24 佚名 生物谷

很多年前,斯坦福大学的研究者David Enard就发现在人类和其它灵长类动物机体的基因组中存在一些适应性的信号,但当时研究者并不清楚到底是哪种选择性的压力驱动引发这些适应性的出现,Enard说道,我非常失落,这就好比在地上看见了脚印,但我却不知道是哪种动物留下的脚印儿一样,而病毒或许可以解释这种适应性表现,因为病毒可以同细胞中的细胞器相互作用从而在细胞内实现病毒的自我复制。研究者Davi

很多年前,斯坦福大学的研究者David Enard就发现在人类和其它灵长类动物机体的基因组中存在一些适应性的信号,但当时研究者并不清楚到底是哪种选择性的压力驱动引发这些适应性的出现,Enard说道,我非常失落,这就好比在地上看见了脚印,但我却不知道是哪种动物留下的脚印儿一样,而病毒或许可以解释这种适应性表现,因为病毒可以同细胞中的细胞器相互作用从而在细胞内实现病毒的自我复制。

研究者David Enard是Dmitri Petrov教授实验室的成员之一,在一项刊登于国际杂志eLife的研究报告中,Petrov教授的研究团队通过研究发现,病毒或许是驱动哺乳动物基因组中适应性表现的主要驱动子,尤其是机体蛋白质组中我们所拥有的30%的适应性氨基酸改变都是为了对病毒产生反应而驱动产生的。

哺乳动物机体蛋白和病毒之间的军备竞赛或许早已不是什么新鲜事儿了,纵观人类历史,病毒引发了不计其数的人类死亡,仅在过去几年里,研究者就利用深度测序和较好的分析工具深入剖析了病毒和宿主之间的相互关系,如今科学家们也早已经开始进行更为深入的研究,研究者认为,病毒指派用来复制的蛋白质或许在病毒和宿主相互作用的过程中扮演着重要的作用。

实际上,越来越多的哺乳动物机体的蛋白都开始因为与病毒相互作用而发生改变,塔夫斯大学的病毒学家John Coffin指出,我们机体的蛋白质组到底如何成型发展,目前我们还无法对此进行解释,目前我们或许仅仅看到了冰山一角罢了。

照亮研究

在这项最新的研究中,研究者Enard花费了将近4个月时间对已经发表的研究成果进行调查,他们对24种哺乳动物的基因组进行分析,发现在保守基因编码的10000个蛋白中有大约1300个蛋白可以同病毒相互作用,而其中80%的蛋白质都没有明显的抗病毒活性或免疫功能。

值得注意的是,相比类似功能的其它蛋白质而言,所谓的病毒相互作用蛋白质(VIPs)可以快速适应,在携带最大数量VIPs的10种类型病毒中,研究者在每一种病毒中都发现,相比非VIPs而言,VIPs的适应性要高于前者三倍,这些病毒包括HIV、HPV和流感病毒等。Enard说道,这种信号如此强劲让我们非常惊讶,这或许是由一种事实所引发,即除了机体的免疫反应之外我们或许还有如此多的适应性存在,此外2016年8月24日 讯 /生物谷BIOON/ --我们还必须采取多种手段来抵御病原体的入侵,而且在非免疫性的蛋白质中或许还存在着许多的适应性表现。

的确,还有很多案例可以表明病毒所利用的基本细胞功能或许和机体的免疫力无关,而这无疑再次激起了研究者们的研究热情。其中一种最为大家熟知的就是转铁蛋白受体(transferrin receptor),这种受体是一种对细胞进行铁摄入非常关键蛋白质,很多病毒可以利用转铁蛋白受体来进入到宿主细胞中,2013年,研究者利用计算机进化分析技术阐明了两种病毒感染所引发的转铁蛋白受体的特殊氨基酸残基改变,康奈尔大学的研究者Colin Parrish就在不同宿主机体中研究了转铁蛋白和病毒之间的相互作用,他认为,不同宿主细胞中转铁蛋白受体的差异很有可能是由病毒所引发的。

另一件引人入胜的案例就是埃博拉病毒和其未知的受体:C1型尼曼-皮克蛋白(NPC1,Niemann-Pick Type C1 protein),NPC1基因主要参与胆固醇和其它脂质在细胞中的穿梭过程,该基因在罕见障碍C型尼曼匹克症中处于突变状态,而该疾病是一种引发儿童机体快速神经变性的严重疾病;2011年,研究者在Nature上发表了两篇研究报告阐明了NPC1蛋白对于埃博拉病毒的感染非常重要,接下来的研究中,研究者则在蝙蝠机体中阐明了NPC1和埃博拉病毒之间的进化竞赛。

来自纽约爱因斯坦医学院(Albert Einstein College of Medicine)的研究者Kartik Chandran也对埃博拉病毒和NPC1之间的关联进行研究,其目的在于揭示病毒利用NPC1作用的机制,研究者说道,我们知道NPC1可以结合到病毒上,但下一步发生了什么我们却并不清楚,如今我们还需要深入研究调查NPC1基因的突变如何能够确定机体对埃博拉病毒感染易感性。

下一步的研究方向

这项研究所阐明的适应性表现自700万年以前人类从黑猩猩分化而来就出现了,如今研究者Enard通过研究分析了在过去50000年里特殊病毒对近来蛋白质适应性表现的效应。

其中一个主要的难题就是如何协调病毒和宿主之间不同的进化速率,对于人类而言或许需要花费10000年才能够适应一种病毒,但病毒的适应或许仅会在几周时间内就可以逃避疗法的攻击,如今这种问题变得非常严峻,随着科学家们鉴别出了内源性的逆转录病毒序列(即10万年-100万年的病毒整合到宿主的基因组中),他们发现这些逆转录病毒序列在人类基因组中占到了大约8%的比例,研究者认为,减缓病毒适应性的其中因个因素就是需要许多不同的宿主蛋白:HIV和流感病毒等,每一种病毒都会利用多种辅因子来进行复制。

长期以来,科学家们都通过设计靶向作用宿主蛋白而不是病毒自身的抗病毒药物来利用缓慢的宿主进化作用,比如,研究者Chandran的团队如今就在寻找暂时靶向可以阻断NPC1功能的药物,诸如NPC1的宿主蛋白往往是固有的靶点,因为其对于细胞的功能非常重要,阻断其功能或许会诱导短暂出现C型尼曼匹克症的症状;从另一方面来讲通过药物性制剂诱发潜在的改变或许会使得那些适应性的蛋白质表现出更好的耐受性。

由于这项最新研究对VIPs进行了一项保守性的估计,因此目前研究者Petrov的研究团队正在寻找额外的相互作用,其中就包括寨卡病毒所指派的蛋白;最后研究者Enard说道,这正是我们未来所要进行的工作,尽管目前存在很多与病毒之间的相互作用,但还有更多不为人知的相互作用有待于我们后期深入研究来探索。

参考资料:

【1】Enard D, Cai L, Gwennap C, Petrov DA. Viruses are a dominant driver of protein adaptation in mammals. Elife. 2016 May 17;5. pii: e12469.


【2】Demogines A, Abraham J, Choe H, Farzan M, Sawyer SL. Dual host-virus arms races shape an essential housekeeping protein. PLoS Biol. 2013;11(5):e1001571.


【3】Côté M, Misasi J, Ren T, Bruchez A, Lee K, Filone CM, Hensley L, Li Q, Ory D, Chandran K, Cunningham J. Small molecule inhibitors reveal Niemann-Pick C1 is essential for Ebola virus infection. Nature. 2011 Aug 24;477(7364):344-8.


【4】Carette JE, Raaben M, Wong AC, Herbert AS, Obernosterer G, Mulherkar N, Kuehne AI, Kranzusch PJ, Griffin AM, Ruthel G, Dal Cin P, Dye JM, Whelan SP, Chandran K, Brummelkamp TR. Ebola virus entry requires the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1. Nature. 2011 Aug 24;477(7364):340-3.


【5】Ng M, Ndungo E, Kaczmarek ME, Herbert AS, Binger T, Kuehne AI, Jangra RK, Hawkins JA, Gifford RJ, Biswas R, Demogines A, James RM, Yu M, Brummelkamp TR, Drosten C, Wang LF, Kuhn JH, Müller MA, Dye JM, Sawyer SL, Chandran K. Filovirus receptor NPC1 contributes to species-specific patterns of ebolavirus susceptibility in bats. Elife. 2015 Dec 23;4. pii: e11785.

【6】Viruses in the Driver’s Seat

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    2016-08-25 1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称)

    学习了,赞一个!!

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1860825, encodeId=c16f1860825aa, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5e746403ed5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#氨基酸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64037, encryptionId=5e746403ed5, topicName=氨基酸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bf3d82, createdName=zhaohui6731, createdTime=Fri Mar 10 07:25:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754812, encodeId=0e341e54812f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0a1688e33b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#蛋白质组#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88733, encryptionId=0a1688e33b3, topicName=蛋白质组)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Sat Apr 15 13:25:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1765592, encodeId=0da41e655922b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=252ae1803a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#白质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71803, encryptionId=252ae1803a3, topicName=白质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Wed Dec 14 12:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1296939, encodeId=ffa81296939b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=158288e017c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#蛋白质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88701, encryptionId=158288e017c, topicName=蛋白质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c689267, createdName=cmj8wellington, createdTime=Fri Aug 26 04:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1620999, encodeId=ff2f16209990c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dccc94e01c9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#适应性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94701, encryptionId=dccc94e01c9, topicName=适应性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b13a20191510, createdName=huhuaidong394, createdTime=Fri Aug 26 04:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=103764, encodeId=3a19103e6425, content=学习了,赞一个!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=ebe61630855, createdName=1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Aug 25 18:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=103765, encodeId=e0b2103e655c, content=学习了,赞一个!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=ebe61630855, createdName=1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Aug 25 18:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=103458, encodeId=a9051034589a, content=阅读了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Thu Aug 25 11:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-25 1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称)

    学习了,赞一个!!

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1860825, encodeId=c16f1860825aa, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5e746403ed5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#氨基酸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64037, encryptionId=5e746403ed5, topicName=氨基酸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bf3d82, createdName=zhaohui6731, createdTime=Fri Mar 10 07:25:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754812, encodeId=0e341e54812f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0a1688e33b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#蛋白质组#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88733, encryptionId=0a1688e33b3, topicName=蛋白质组)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Sat Apr 15 13:25:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1765592, encodeId=0da41e655922b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=252ae1803a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#白质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71803, encryptionId=252ae1803a3, topicName=白质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Wed Dec 14 12:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1296939, encodeId=ffa81296939b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=158288e017c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#蛋白质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88701, encryptionId=158288e017c, topicName=蛋白质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c689267, createdName=cmj8wellington, createdTime=Fri Aug 26 04:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1620999, encodeId=ff2f16209990c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dccc94e01c9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#适应性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94701, encryptionId=dccc94e01c9, topicName=适应性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b13a20191510, createdName=huhuaidong394, createdTime=Fri Aug 26 04:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=103764, encodeId=3a19103e6425, content=学习了,赞一个!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=ebe61630855, createdName=1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Aug 25 18:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=103765, encodeId=e0b2103e655c, content=学习了,赞一个!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=ebe61630855, createdName=1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Aug 25 18:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=103458, encodeId=a9051034589a, content=阅读了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Thu Aug 25 11:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-25 刘煜

    阅读了。

    0

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