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大动脉炎4大类型及诊断标准

2016-03-17 佚名 中国实用儿科杂志

大动脉炎又称高安动脉炎(TA),为主动脉及其主要分支的慢性非特异性肉芽肿性血管炎。根据受累部位不同,可分为4种类型。 (1)头臂动脉型(主动脉弓综合征):头部缺血可出现头痛、眩晕、记忆减退,甚至抽搐、偏瘫或昏迷。锁骨下动脉受累可出现单侧或双侧上肢无力、酸麻、发凉,甚至肌肉萎缩,颈动脉、肱动脉、桡动脉搏动减弱或消失,颈部或锁骨上窝可听到Ⅱ级以上收缩期血管杂音。 (2)主动脉型或肾动脉型:出现肾性

大动脉炎又称高安动脉炎(TA),为主动脉及其主要分支的慢性非特异性肉芽肿性血管炎。根据受累部位不同,可分为4种类型。

(1)头臂动脉型(主动脉弓综合征):头部缺血可出现头痛、眩晕、记忆减退,甚至抽搐、偏瘫或昏迷。锁骨下动脉受累可出现单侧或双侧上肢无力、酸麻、发凉,甚至肌肉萎缩,颈动脉、肱动脉、桡动脉搏动减弱或消失,颈部或锁骨上窝可听到Ⅱ级以上收缩期血管杂音。

(2)主动脉型或肾动脉型:出现肾性高血压,尤以舒张压升高明显,下肢出现乏力、发凉、酸痛和间歇性跛行,脐上部或侧部可闻及血管杂音。

(3)广泛型:具有上述两型特征,但病变广泛,部位多发,病情一般较重。

(4)肺动脉型:出现心悸、气短、肺动脉瓣区收缩期杂音和肺动脉瓣第二音亢进等肺动脉高压的表现。

一项包括241例儿童TA回顾分析报道发现,儿童TA常见临床表现有高血压、头痛、发热、呼吸困难、体重下降、呕吐、腹痛及关节痛、间歇性跛行、动脉搏动减弱、四肢血压异常、血管杂音。而肾血管性高血压、脑梗死、心肌梗死、肢端缺血缺氧、肺动脉高压及肺动脉栓塞是TA危及生命并发症。

TA诊断多采用1990年美国风湿病学会(ACR)以及2006年欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)和欧洲儿科风湿病学会(PReS)制定的标准(以下称EULAR/PReS标准),见表1、表2。EULAR/PReS标准把血管造影证实的血管异常作为必备条件,去除了项目“年龄<40岁”,增加了“血压升高”作为诊断条件,同时将“动脉搏动减弱”和“肢体跛行”合并为一条,更适用于儿童TA诊断。

TA临床症状千变万化,急性症状持续时间很短,很少超过几周,这些症状一般很难被发现,一般要到出现血管阻塞及狭窄才会被发现。部分表现为心功能不全,其症状相对隐匿,且进展迅速。在成人中常见的首发症状如发热及颈胸背部疼痛,在儿童中并不多见。

儿童最常见临床表现为高血压,在某些病人甚至是惟一临床表现,其次为头痛、无脉及血管杂音。而成人中最为多见的是因血管狭窄或闭塞而导致的临床症状,如血管杂音、肢体间歇性运动障碍、脉搏减弱或消失、血压不对称等。

所以,临床上发现不明原因高血压、无脉、血管杂音时,应及时进行进一步血管造影检查,这将有助于及早诊断。

但是,TA在血管出现狭窄阻塞前,最早的表现可能就是血管壁增厚,心脏彩超、计算机断层扫描(CT)和磁共振成像(MRI)可有效显示有助于早期诊断。

尤其是MRI,在T2显像中可发现血管壁水肿,在增强造影中可发现增加的管壁血流。相比之下,同时期的血管造影就不能显示上述结果。

近期有观点肯定了正电子发射型计算机断层显像(PET)技术在TA早期诊断中的作用,特别是对那些没有特异症状患者。因为PET相较于MRI可显示更多被炎症影响的血管区域。但是PET改变结果并非只针对血管炎,而且并不能显示血管壁结构改变。

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    2016-11-12 jiangjian3306

    很受教育很受教育

    0

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    2016-04-18 丁丁医生2002

    复杂的,进来学习

    0

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    2016-05-09 xsm927
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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=155287, encodeId=ae7715528ec8, content=很受教育很受教育, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6f81449446, createdName=jiangjian3306, createdTime=Sat Nov 12 15:49:13 CST 2016, time=2016-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79299, encodeId=02c2e92991e, content=复杂的,进来学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e24e93173, createdName=丁丁医生2002, createdTime=Mon Apr 18 07:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1683161, encodeId=10e116831619d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=60f03325e28' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#动脉炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=33257, encryptionId=60f03325e28, topicName=动脉炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d22a27947071, createdName=xsm927, createdTime=Mon May 09 07:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1329935, encodeId=fa25132993540, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6124436201d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大动脉炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43620, encryptionId=6124436201d, topicName=大动脉炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=606c2500035, createdName=ms3153534357578991, createdTime=Sat Mar 19 03:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1384973, encodeId=3a8413849e37c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=354691625f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊断标准#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91625, encryptionId=354691625f1, topicName=诊断标准)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3516494, createdName=spoonycyy, createdTime=Sat Mar 19 03:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=71026, encodeId=872ee102683, content=值得研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTK29w9r0upRgxUXHNhe7bd3VxHnhBSpibMbKOjtX92zXr78SkuZfUNuADrjHiaw6uibZaEYjh9cJLzew/132, createdBy=261e1682638, createdName=1de3b290m83(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Mar 18 00:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-03-18 1de3b290m83(暂无匿称)

    值得研究

    0

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