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诺贝尔生理学或医学奖解读:基因里的“滴答”声

2017-10-26 彭碧瑶 科学网

10月2日下午,2017年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖正式公布,美国的三位科学家杰弗里?霍尔、迈克尔?罗斯巴什和迈克尔?杨因“生物昼夜节律调控分子机制”的研究,共获此殊荣。

10月2日下午,2017年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖正式公布,美国的三位科学家杰弗里?霍尔、迈克尔?罗斯巴什和迈克尔?杨因“生物昼夜节律调控分子机制”的研究,共获此殊荣。

生物钟的求索之路

包括人类在内的很多有机生命都拥有一种特殊的内部时钟,这种时钟能够帮助他们预料并且适应每天的节律。

1792年夏天的一个傍晚,法国天文学家让?雅克?德奥图?德梅朗观测含羞草叶子的状态,发现昼夜节律。后来,其他科学家发现,不只植物,动物和人类也有生物钟帮助自身生理状态适应环境的日常变化。

上世纪七十年代,两位美国科学家———西摩尔?本泽和他的学生罗纳德?柯诺普卡发现,果蝇体内一种未知基因的突变确实会扰乱其昼夜节律。这个基因被称作“周期基因”。随即,他们将这个基因命名为period基因,即周期基因。

十多年后,当时共同任教于美国布兰迪斯大学的罗斯巴什和霍尔开始合作研究果蝇的昼夜节律。1984年,他们成功克隆出了周期基因,拿到了该基因附近的基因组DNA。同年,任职于美国洛克菲勒大学的杨,也拿到了这段DNA。在互相竞争的过程中,两组科学家各自独立地确定了周期基因在最初三种突变株的DNA变化。

强强联手阐明机理

罗斯巴什和霍尔发现period编码的蛋白质PER在夜间积累,而在白天降解。PER蛋白水平在24小时中变化,与昼夜规律同步。他们认为,通过抑制反馈回路,PER蛋白可以阻止其自身的合成,从而以连续的循环节律调节其自身的水平。

当周期基因活跃时,周期基因会转录出相应的mRNA,并将其转运到细胞质当中,作为产生PER蛋白的模板。当PER蛋白被大量翻译出来后,PER蛋白会被转运到细胞核中。PER蛋白聚集在细胞核内时,会与周期基因作用,阻断周期基因的活性,继而导致昼夜节律的反馈调控机制。

1994年,杨发现第二个周期基因,它编码正常昼夜节律所需的TIM蛋白。当TIM蛋白结合PER蛋白时,两种蛋白质的复合体才可以进入细胞核,从而阻断周期基因的活性。此外,杨还发现了另一个调控节律的基因,doubletime,该基因编码DBT蛋白。DBT蛋白可以延缓PER蛋白的积累,从而进一步对生物钟进行调控。

“可以说,正是这三位学者的工作,让我们对生物钟究竟是什么有了直接的认识。”华中科技大学教授张珞颖表示。

苏州大学剑桥—苏大基因组资源中心主任徐璎也表示,阐明生物钟内在机理意义重大。这一研究可谓基础科学研究的典范。

诺贝尔大会新闻发布会如此评价:“这一重大发现公布以后,昼夜节律生物学已经发展为一个广泛的、高度活跃的研究领域,对人们的健康和福祉有着重要意义。”

罗斯巴什在接到诺奖通知的电话时,先是沉默了一阵子,然后说:“你是在开玩笑吗?”

等他终于反应过来时,他说:“我特别高兴,为这个领域感到高兴,为果蝇感到高兴。对学校来说这也是很棒的事情。我站在巨人的肩膀上。”在他看来,这样一项基础研究发现能够引起关注令人欣慰。

杰弗里?霍尔于1945年出生于美国纽约。他的父亲曾是美联社记者,不过霍尔没有子承父业,而是在一位果蝇遗传学家的引导下踏上了基础生物学研究之路。

霍尔在谈及自己的研究生涯时,除了感谢自己在求学阶段的列位导师,还特别感谢了果蝇。“它们其实是非常复杂的生物体,其构造精密而有趣。”霍尔坦言随着研究的深入,他“爱上了果蝇”。

迈克尔?杨回忆,“我十二、三岁的时候,父母给我买了一本讲达尔文进化论的书,当中有关于生物钟如何控制花儿开放和鸟儿、昆虫迁徙的描述,并提到这一机制还是个谜。”

杨曾经每天都要和同事们安排一批果蝇模拟体验从纽约到旧金山的时差,“倒时差”的果蝇帮助他揭示人体生物钟的秘密。

经过连续四个昼夜的观察记录,用掉了6米多厚的图表纸后,杨终于确信,他们将调控生物钟的基因成功转移到了本已生物钟混乱的果蝇体内,使它们恢复了规律作息。

归功于三位获奖者的发现,昼夜节律学已经发展成为一个涉及面广且动态发展的学科领域。他们的工作不仅是在其专业领域内发挥作用,也同时代表着生命科学领域的真实发展,这些发展最终将对人类做出贡献。,发育成所有种类的组织。

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    2017-10-26 戒馋,懒,贪

    谢谢分享学习了

    0

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