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Nat Genet:新研究有望使2500万人获益!科学家建立数百万人基因库!

2018-08-15 佚名 转化医学网

公共卫生管理一大需求是能够及时及早的预测个体罹患疾病的风险,以此进行提早的筛查与疾病干预。由于大多数常见疾病均存在遗传的影响且大多数常见病由多基因影响,因此实现多基因预测风险评估体系至关重要。来自麻省总医院的Sekar Kathiresan教授率领其研究团队开发了5种常见疾病-冠心病、房颤、2型糖尿病、炎症性肠炎和乳腺癌的全基因组多基因组评分。其最新的研究成果发表于最新的《Nature Genet

导  读

公共卫生管理一大需求是能够及时及早的预测个体罹患疾病的风险,以此进行提早的筛查与疾病干预。由于大多数常见疾病均存在遗传的影响且大多数常见病由多基因影响,因此实现多基因预测风险评估体系至关重要。来自麻省总医院的Sekar Kathiresan教授率领其研究团队开发了5种常见疾病-冠心病、房颤、2型糖尿病、炎症性肠炎和乳腺癌的全基因组多基因组评分。其最新的研究成果发表于最新的《Nature Genetics》。

疾病风险预测或使2500万人收益

这些测试使用的基因信息来自基因库中数百万个样本。通过这种全基因组分析可预测冠心病、房颤、2型糖尿病、炎症性肠炎和乳腺癌五种疾病的罹患风险,在患者出现任何症状之前及时及早筛选出这些致命疾病。

虽然这项研究是根据英国的基因信息库数据进行,但它表明仅考虑遗传变异因素,美国就有多达2500万人的冠状动脉疾病风险可能超过正常风险的三倍,而其他数百万人可能面临相似的高风险。基因组信息可以使医生能够特别关注这些高风险个体,或许可以通过早期干预来预防疾病的发生与进展。

该研究提出了一个重要问题,即如何在医疗系统中进一步开发和使用这种多基因风险评分技术。此外,研究者指出,遗传测试主要基于来自欧洲血统的个体的信息,结果需要对其他种族群体进行更大规模的研究以确保该基因库的适用性。



从基因数据库到计算评分系统

Sekar Kathiresan 教授表示,虽然研究者在很久之前就知道整体遗传变异可影响罹患疾病的风险, 但直到现在,他们才能够使用基因组数据来预测和评估个体的患病风险。从公共卫生的角度来看,研究者需要识别这些高风险人群,以便医生可以为这些高风险患者提供适当的护理。

为了开发评估疾病风险的算法,研究人员首先收集了大规模全基因组关联研究的数据,用以确定与冠状动脉疾病,心房颤动,2型糖尿病炎症性肠病或乳腺癌相关的遗传变异。

对于每种疾病,他们应用计算算法将来自所有变体的信息  组合成单基因或多基因风险评分。这个数字可以根据一个个体的基因预测他在基因组水平罹患某疾病的概率。

为了开发针对其他常见疾病的多基因风险评分测试,该团队指出,需要进行额外的研究以收集全基因组关联数据并使用参考生物库来验证评分。此外,目前的多基因风险计算主要来源于在欧洲血统人群中进行的遗传研究 ,因此需要更多的研究来优化其他种族群体的算法。



评分结果还受到其他因素影响

然而,研究人员表示是将这种方法纳入临床护理时仍需要考虑其他许多因素。例如,疾病是否具有遗传因素影响?如果这种疾病在一般人群中普遍存在,筛查是否值得纳入常规临床检验?

如何在临床上干预这些基因因素?不管怎样,该研究使全基因组预测技术向临床普及迈出了重要的一步。 相信在未来的研究中,会将更多的实际因素纳入到整个的疾病预测体系当中,进而使更多的大众获益。

原始出处:Amit V. Khera ,Patrick T. Ellinor , Sekar Kathiresan, et al. Genome-wide polygenic scores for common diseases identify individuals with risk equivalent to monogenic mutations. Nat Genet. 13 August 2018

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    2018-08-19 cy0324
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