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沙滩椅位肩关节镜手术可疑诱发Bezold-Jarisch反射致心跳骤停一例

2020-02-19 李清月 梁汉生 冯艺 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,男,55岁,169 cm,60kg。因“外伤后右肩部疼痛、活动受限1个月,加重5d”入院。诊断为右肩袖损伤,拟在臂丛神经阻滞+全麻下行右肩关节镜检+肩袖修补术。既往史:吸烟10~20支/d;饮酒5~10次/月,200~250ml/次。青霉素过敏。无其他特殊病史,体格检查及实验室检查结果未见明显异常。

患者,男,55岁,169 cm,60kg。因“外伤后右肩部疼痛、活动受限1个月,加重5d”入院。诊断为右肩袖损伤,拟在臂丛神经阻滞+全麻下行右肩关节镜检+肩袖修补术。既往史:吸烟10~20支/d;饮酒5~10次/月,200~250ml/次。青霉素过敏。无其他特殊病史,体格检查及实验室检查结果未见明显异常。
 
患者先于麻醉准备间行超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞(肌间沟,0.5%罗哌卡因20ml),麻醉效果满意,未出现不良反应,生命体征平稳。40min后入室,常规监测,HR78次/分,BP140/70mmHg,SpO2 98%。麻醉诱导:咪达唑仑2mg、盐酸戊乙奎醚1mg、依托咪酯20mg、舒芬太尼25μg、罗库溴铵50mg、艾司洛尔50mg静注,置入8.0ID钢丝螺纹气管导管。肺通气:VT460ml,RR15次/分,Ppeak14~16 cmH2O;右美托咪定24μg/h、丙泊酚200mg/h、瑞芬太尼200μg/h进行麻醉维持,维持BIS在45~60。
 
摆放60°沙滩椅位,此时BP从128/65mmHg下降至95/57mmHg,HR由72次/分减慢至68次/分,给予苯肾上腺素50μg静注,效果欠佳,予适当增加液体速度,后多巴胺2mg静注,BP、HR分别维持在95/60mmHg、65次/分左右。手术开始前15min予克林霉素(0.6g/100ml),20min内滴注完毕。手术开始58min时,台上正在修补肩袖,HR由64次/分突降至38次/分,ECG示Q-T间期延长,随即出现室速,心跳停止,BP由88/61mmHg降至46/33mmHg。
 
立即抢救:暂停静脉麻醉药物、2%利多卡因5ml、甲基强的松龙0.5g、肾上腺素100μg静脉推注,沙滩椅位即刻开始胸外按压,1min调平体位后继续予胸外按压,静脉推注肾上腺素900μg。胸外按压3.5min,恢复窦性心律,BP迅速升高,HR迅速增快,直至恢复,BP、HR分别稳定在115/65mmHg、75次/分左右。停止胸外按压后观察发现,患者躯干部出现一过性紫绀,右颈肩部无明显肿胀。
 
经胸超声:各房室、瓣膜结构、心肌收缩舒张未见明显异常,心腔未见气体。术中出血不多,尿液100ml,入液1000ml(900ml复方氯化钠+100ml抗生素)。行桡动脉、右颈内静脉置管测压,查血气;测体温34.9℃,在原有温毯保温基础上,加用暖风机提升体温。心跳骤停15min后血气:pH7.33、PO2 431.7mmHg、PCO2 36.3mmHg、BE-5.2mmol/L、K+4.08mmol/L、Ca2+1.20mmol/L、HB134g/L;心跳骤停60min后,患者自主呼吸恢复,瞳孔等大等圆(2.5mm);心跳骤停70min后血气:pH7.34、PO2 409.5mmHg、PCO2 40.5mmHg、BE-3.0mmol/L、K+3.52mmol/L、Ca2+1.00mmol/L、HB114g/L;心跳骤停90min后手术结束,回ICU继续治疗。
 
ICU予以心电监护、药物镇静、呼吸机支持、抑酸、维持水电解质平衡、补液、心肌营养支持等对症处理,密切观察ECG变化。回ICU6h后,脱机拔管,神清语明。第2天查ECG:T波倒置;心肌酶升高;床旁胸片未见明显异常。心内科会诊认为冠脉痉挛不排除,建议予阿司匹林、波立维至心肌酶谱恢复至正常范围。术后5d转回普通病房。术后6d出院,此时心肌酶谱已恢复至正常范围。
 
追问病史:自述曾有骑自行车时突然晕厥倒地,大约1min后苏醒,无任何不适,未就医;出院前,患者拒绝进一步冠状动脉检查;出院后1周,患者出现间断胸闷、憋气,再次入我院心内科诊疗,行冠脉造影检查:右冠近段狭窄(40%),Holter及心超均未见明显异常;出院后11个月,因胰腺癌再次入我院行手术治疗,手术顺利,术中应用克林霉素,未见明显不良反应。
 
讨论
 
根据患者术中表现,怀疑该患者术中心跳骤停的原因为Bezold-Jarisch反射(BJR)。BJR系血管容量减少时引起的血管-迷走反射,主要表现为心率减慢、血压下降。该患者从手术开始至发生心动过缓时,入液量1000ml,且术前禁食水时间较长,臂丛神经阻滞可引起外周血管扩张,使回心血量降低,加之沙滩椅位,容量进一步不足,诱发BJR,从而引起心动过缓、血压降低,直至心跳骤停。在左心室存在压力感受器,当左心室内容量降低时兴奋,通过BJR,使心率减慢,以延长左心室充盈时间,增加心搏量,主要表现就是心率减慢和血压下降。当发生心动过缓甚至心跳骤停时要注意这种可能。此外,麻醉过深可能会加重这种情况。
 
该患者入手术室前行臂丛神经阻滞,入室后予全麻,手术在全麻复合神经阻滞下进行,术中持续丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼、右美托咪定泵注,血管扩张更严重,该患者全麻诱导后予常规监测BIS,维持在45~60,依据BIS值调整麻醉深度,避免麻醉过深。可排除其他可疑诱因:冠状动脉痉挛(术中未捕捉到ECG异常改变,术后冠状动脉造影影示右冠状动脉近段仅40%狭窄);低体温(复苏后体温为34.9℃,低体温诱发心肌缺血、心律失常致心跳骤停,多发生在严重低体温时);克林霉素过敏(克林霉素有导致QT间期延长、尖端扭转型室速和多态性室性心动过速的风险,常发生在肝肾功能障碍、心功能不全、心肌缺血、原发性QT间期延长及电解质紊乱的患者,但2次手术再次应用时未过敏)。但这些因素共同存在时,有可能会加重患者的心律失常等情况,不利于患者预后。
 
BJR反射诱因:BJR反射多发生在容量不足、血管扩张、静脉受压等情况,如在严重出血患者(出血量>800ml)、椎管内阻滞患者(尤其是麻醉平面较高时>T6)、神经阻滞患者,发生心动过缓时,有可能是外周血管扩张、回心血量降低而诱发了BJR,可导致不良后果,应警惕这种可能性。
 
BJR反射的预防与治疗:(1)容量管理:对于行椎管内阻滞或神经阻滞等患者,麻醉注药前应予适当扩容;对于复合麻醉患者,麻醉后血管扩张情况更严重,故更应补足容量,且适当减少全麻药物用量;特殊体位,如沙滩椅位、头高脚底位等影响静脉回流的手术体位,术前予适当扩容。(2)调整患者体位:如孕妇行椎管内阻滞后,警惕仰卧位综合征的发生,采取左倾位;在巨大腹腔肿瘤患者,诱导时也应采取左倾位。Kim等还报道了一例摆放折刀位后发生BJR的病例,重新恢复平卧位后循坏恢复平稳。(3)药物治疗:麻黄碱因其强心和收缩血管的双重作用而是效果较好的药物。但发生心跳骤停时,还是应尽早使用肾上腺素。选择血管活性药物要慎重,且要密切观察。该病例提醒术中发生心动过缓、血压降低时要警惕BIR反射的可能,并给予正确处置。此外,对于全麻复合神经阻滞或者是硬膜外阻滞患者,血管扩张严重,要积极补充容量,适当减少全麻药物用量,发生循环波动时,谨慎选择血管活性药物,并严密观察,以尽量减少险情的发生。
 
原始出处:

李清月,梁汉生,冯艺.沙滩椅位肩关节镜手术可疑诱发Bezold-Jarisch反射致心跳骤停一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2019,35(02):203-204.

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    2020-02-21 xzw114
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    2020-02-21 yankaienglish
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