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Cell Stem Cell:三篇研究均证实基因编辑的安全性

2014-07-12 佚名 生物通

对干细胞进行基因编辑,是近年来出现的新兴技术。这种技术有着巨大的医疗潜力,但它们的安全性也引起了许多人的担忧。人们担心基因编辑会降低干细胞的稳定性,使它们更容易突变。本期Cell Stem Cell杂志上发表的三篇文章告诉我们,这样的顾虑其实是没有必要的。美国Salk研究所、中科院生物物理研究所和华大基因进行合作,在疾病特异性的iPSC中进行了靶向性的基因矫正。他们发现,这种基因编辑对全基因组的突

干细胞进行基因编辑,是近年来出现的新兴技术。这种技术有着巨大的医疗潜力,但它们的安全性也引起了许多人的担忧。人们担心基因编辑会降低干细胞的稳定性,使它们更容易突变。本期Cell Stem Cell杂志上发表的三篇文章告诉我们,这样的顾虑其实是没有必要的。

美国Salk研究所、中科院生物物理研究所和华大基因进行合作,在疾病特异性的iPSC中进行了靶向性的基因矫正。他们发现,这种基因编辑对全基因组的突变负荷影响很小。

“对干细胞DNA进行精确编辑,大大加速了人类疾病和细胞疗法的相关研究,”Salk研究所的Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte教授说。“要将这种技术应用到临床,就需要先确定干细胞被编辑之后的安全性,比如干细胞基因组的稳定性和突变负荷(mutational load)。”

更改活细胞的DNA序列主要有两种途径:通过病毒载体将新基因送入细胞,以替代相应的DNA序列;或者使用TALEN、CRISPR/CAS9等核酸酶系统在特定位点切割DNA,让细胞的天然修复机制将新基因粘贴上去。

此前,Belmonte实验室曾率先使用改良版腺病毒载体HDAdV,矫正镰状细胞病的致病突变,镰状细胞病是世界上最严重的血液病之一。他们通过HDAdV将干细胞中的突变基因替换为正常基因,这样的干细胞理论上可以输入患者骨髓,帮助机体生成健康的血细胞。不过在临床应用之前,需要明确基因编辑是否会带来细胞突变增多甚至癌变的风险。

为此,研究人员分别通过HDAdV和TALEN矫正了镰状细胞病的iPSC,并对这些细胞进行全基因组测序。他们发现,细胞在基因编辑之后,随机突变的水平依然较低,和未经编辑的细胞差不多。

Cell Stem Cell杂志上同期发表的另外两项研究验证了上述结果。Johns Hopkins大学的Linzhao Cheng和Zhaohui Ye领导团队,通过全基因组测序分析证明,对人类iPSC进行CRISPR/Cas9和TALEN编辑具有很高的特异性。而哈佛大学的Kiran Musunuru等人则发现,CRISPR-Cas9 和TALEN靶向编辑之后,人多能干细胞中的脱靶突变发生率很低。

这三项研究相互补充和印证,证实了基因编辑技术在干细胞治疗中的安全性。值得强调的是,这些结果并不意味着这种干细胞治疗不存在风险,而是说编辑过程不会降低干细胞的安全性。

原始出处:

Suzuki K, Yu C, Qu J, Li M, Yao X, Yuan T, Goebl A, Tang S, Ren R, Aizawa E, Zhang F, Xu X, Soligalla RD, Chen F, Kim J, Kim NY, Liao HK, Benner C, Esteban CR, Jin Y, Liu GH, Li Y, Izpisua Belmonte JC.Targeted gene correction minimally impacts whole-genome mutational load in human-disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cell clones.Cell Stem Cell. 2014 Jul 3;15(1):31-6.

Smith C, Gore A, Yan W, Abalde-Atristain L, Li Z, He C, Wang Y, Brodsky RA, Zhang K, Cheng L, Ye Z.Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis Reveals High Specificity of CRISPR/Cas9 and TALEN-Based Genome Editing in Human iPSCs.Cell Stem Cell. 2014 Jul 3;15(1):12-3.

Veres A, Gosis BS, Ding Q, Collins R, Ragavendran A, Brand H, Erdin S, Talkowski ME, Musunuru K.Low Incidence of Off-Target Mutations in Individual CRISPR-Cas9 and TALEN Targeted Human Stem Cell Clones Detected by Whole-Genome Sequencing.Cell Stem Cell. 2014 Jul 3;15(1):27-30.

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    2015-06-25 维他命
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    2014-07-13 lovetcm

    这真是革命性技术!

    0

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