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NEJM:低剂量CT筛查对于肺癌高危人群具有成本效益

2014-12-11 MedSci MedSci原创

New England Journal of Medicine 11月5日发表的一项分析显示,对于肺癌高危人群,CT筛查具有成本效益。研究者分析了美国国家肺筛查试验(NLST)的数据,估算出低剂量CT筛查肺癌的成本大约为每获得一个质量调整生命年(QALY)81,000美元,不过在具体分析不同的亚组时这一数据相差很大(N. Engl. J Med. 2014;371:1793-802 [doi:10

New England Journal of Medicine 11月5日发表的一项分析显示,对于肺癌高危人群,CT筛查具有成本效益。研究者分析了美国国家肺筛查试验(NLST)的数据,估算出低剂量CT筛查肺癌的成本大约为每获得一个质量调整生命年(QALY)81,000美元,不过在具体分析不同的亚组时这一数据相差很大(N. Engl. J Med. 2014;371:1793-802 [doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1312547])。

NLST研究纳入了50,000多例年龄介于55~74岁的无症状成年人;结果显示,采用低剂量CT对患者进行筛查,肺癌死亡率下降了16%,全因死亡率下降了6.7%(N. Engl. J. Med. 2013:368:1980-91)。

美国Dartmouth-Hitchcock 医学中心的William C. Black博士写道:“低剂量CT筛查用于女性的成本效益远远高于男性,用于肺癌高风险人群的成本效益远远高于低风险人群。”此外,“低剂量CT筛查用于当前吸烟者的成本效益高于既往吸烟者,用于老年人群的成本效益高于年轻人群,这很可能是因为当前吸烟者和老年患者的肺癌风险更好。”

这项成本效益分析的结果发表后几天,Medicare & Medicaid服务中心(CMS)即如期确定了将如何补偿肺癌CT筛查的费用。

对于男性,每获得一个QALY的成本是147,000美元,而女性是46,000美元。60~64岁人群每获得一个QALY的成本是最低的,仅48,000美元,65~69岁人群是54,000美元;而70~74岁人群每获得一个QALY的成本达到了117,000美元,55~59岁人群更是高达152,000美元。

吸烟状况也导致了相当大的差异,当前吸烟者每获得一个QALY的成本是43,000美元,而既往吸烟者每获得一个QALY的成本高达615,000美元。

2013年12月,美国预防服务工作组(USPSTF)把采用低剂量CT筛查肺癌高危人群列为“B级推荐”,这意味着工作组推荐这种筛查服务,并且“高度肯定这种服务具有中等净效益,或者中度肯定其净效益为中度至显著。”依照《平价医疗法案》(Affordable Care Act),被USPSTF确定为“A级推荐”和“B级推荐”的服务项目必须由保险机构承担费用,不得向患者收取任何费用。

不过,今年早些时候,Medicare证据开发与覆盖范围咨询委员会的成员建议Medicare不报销筛查费用;委员会成员称,平均来讲,他们不确信已有充足的证据证明低剂量CT筛查用于Medicare人群的效益大于其危害。

Black博士及其同事总结道:“要在试验环境之外确定筛查是否具有成本效益,这取决于筛查是如何实施的。”

这项研究表明,如果只针对高危人群,那么肺癌CT筛查比目前推行的其他筛查服务更具有成本效益。如果只基于年龄让相应年龄段的每个人都接受肺癌筛查,这样做不但不具成本效益,而且有效性和安全性都不高。最关键的是肺癌风险而不是年龄。如果我们让肺癌风险很低的人接受CT筛查,那么很可能弊大于利。所以我们必须尽量平衡这种筛查的风险与效益,利与弊。

我们希望恰当的人群接受筛查。我们希望CT筛查的放射暴露量很低,这也是Medicare十分看重的一个方面……我们还希望放射科医生的读片质量标准化,CMS对此也非常关注和重视。


原始出处:
Black WC, Gareen IF, Soneji SS, Sicks JD, Keeler EB, Aberle DR, Naeim A, Church TR, Silvestri GA, Gorelick J, Gatsonis C; National Lung Screening Trial Research Team.

N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 6;371(19):1793-802

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