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麻醉苏醒期新斯的明致过敏反应一例

2019-05-09 赵珍珍 陈芳 周懿 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,男,43岁,65kg,ASA Ⅰ级,因体检发现血清前列腺特异抗原(Prostate specific antigen,PSA)增高半年,拟在全麻下行经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术。术前常规检查无异常,既往无手术史及过敏史。麻醉诱导给予右美托咪定40ug静滴,丙泊酚120mg、芬太尼0.15mg、顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵10mg、氟比洛芬酯50mg、地塞米松5mg静推,置入喉罩后行机械通气。

患者,男,43岁,65kg,ASA Ⅰ级,因体检发现血清前列腺特异抗原(Prostate specific antigen,PSA)增高半年,拟在全麻下行经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术。术前常规检查无异常,既往无手术史及过敏史。麻醉诱导给予右美托咪定40ug静滴,丙泊酚120mg、芬太尼0.15mg、顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵10mg、氟比洛芬酯50mg、地塞米松5mg静推,置入喉罩后行机械通气。
 
术中丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。麻醉诱导后头孢噻乙胺唑2g静滴,手术过程60min,术中补晶体1100ml,未导尿,无明显失血,患者维持BP90~120/50~75mmHg,HR50~75次/分。手术结束时给予新斯的明1mg、阿托品0.5mg拮抗肌松,患者苏醒拔管后进入PACU。
 
入PACU监测BP70/40 mmHg,HR70 次/分,SpO2 100%,麻黄碱6mg静推2次,SBP仍低于80mmHg,之后给予去氧肾上腺素100μg,BP升至100/60mmHg。之后患者BP多次降至70/40mmHg,每次给予去氧肾上腺素50~100μg,可维持BP在95~110/50~65mmHg。此过程中SpO2及ECG无明显异常,患者无不适主诉。患者入PACU2h后BP稳定,遂送返病房,术后随访无特殊。
 
1个月后患者全麻下行机器人辅助下前列腺癌根治术,术中麻醉用药与第1次手术相比无特殊。患者术中循环平稳,手术过程3h,术中补晶体液2100ml,尿量250ml,失血约150ml。术后予新斯的明1mg、阿托品0.5mg拮抗肌松并带气管导管送入PACU。入室BP71/42mmHg,HR65次/分,测CVP3 cmH2O,SpO2 99%,ECG无异常。羟乙基淀粉500ml快速补液,效果不佳。给予去氧肾上腺素可维持BP。
 
入室10min左右,患者前胸部、颈部及鼻翼两侧出现红色斑疹。此时患者清醒,拔除气管导管。之后患者BP多次下降,需间断静推去氧肾上腺素。入室2h后BP恢复至术前水平,送返病房,随访无特殊。术后第6周门诊对患者行新斯的明及阿托品皮肤过敏试验。低浓度的新斯的明皮内注射就出现明显的阳性反应,阿托品皮内注射反应不明显。
 
讨论 
 
该患者两次术后发生顽固性低血压,其中第2次伴有明显的皮疹,在排除其他引起低血压的因素后,考虑可能是发生了过敏反应。鉴于这两次低血压发生前均静脉刚刚推注新斯的明和阿托品,因此从给药时间与过敏反应发生相关联的角度分析,患者可能对新斯的明或阿托品过敏。患者第2次过敏反应后6周进行的皮肤试验表明新斯的明呈阳性反应。
 
超过70%的麻醉相关过敏反应均为Ⅰ型过敏反应,它是由特异性IgE抗体介导产生的一种发生快消退亦快的免疫应答,表现为局部或全身的生理功能紊乱。根据过敏反应的严重程度,其临床表现分为4级:Ⅰ级,仅表现为皮肤潮红、斑丘疹和寻麻疹;Ⅱ级,除表现皮肤症状外,出现低血压、心动过速,呼吸困难和肠道症状;Ⅲ级,出现血管衰竭表现;Ⅳ级,心脏停搏。
 
该患者有皮肤症状和低血压,应该归为Ⅱ级过敏反应。确定患者发生过敏反应可通过测定血浆类胰蛋白酶和组胺水平,监测特异性IgE抗体,以及在过敏反应发生后4~6周进行药物皮肤试验。由于条件限制,目前国内类胰蛋白酶、组胺及特异性IgE抗体均无法及时检测。皮肤试验仍是确定IgE依赖的过敏反应过敏源的金标准。Seed等报道了一例全麻术后推注新斯的明瞬时发生的过敏反应,该例患者出现了血管衰竭症状。过敏反应4h后血清类胰蛋白酶水平显著升高,但血清总IgE升高不明显。皮肤试验明确了该例患者为新斯的明过敏。
 
Iwasai等报道了两例儿科患者在新斯的明拮抗罗库溴铵后出现头面、颈胸部红斑和肺部喘鸣。该研究未行皮肤试验和其他实验室检查,研究者根据过敏反应出现时间而高度怀疑过敏源为新斯的明。围术期过敏反应并非少见,国外有研究表明,麻醉相关过敏反应的发生率为1/13000,国内并无确切数据。围术期过敏反应源多为肌松药、乳胶、抗生素、明胶、酯类局麻药、血液制品和鱼精蛋白等。
 
新斯的明是人工合成的二甲胺基甲酸酯类化合物,系抗胆碱酯酶药,常用于全麻术后拮抗非去极化神经肌肉阻滞剂。严重的过敏反应可能给患者带来灾难性后果,但若过敏反应不典型,可能被临床医师忽略。在怀疑发生过敏反应后,麻醉医师在抢救生命同时应尽量确定过敏源,以防止患者再次发生严重过敏反应。
 
原始出处:

赵珍珍,陈芳,周懿,蓝升,凡丽华,刘毅.麻醉苏醒期新斯的明致过敏反应一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2018,34(05):515-516.

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    2019-05-15 gcwu82

    学习了谢谢

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