Baidu
map

草药伤肝不只存在于中国,连美国也在遭殃!

2016-06-23 熊坨坨 医学界

许多人似乎反对草药伤肝一说,并认为原文没有详细的统计数据,无法证明草药伤肝。实际上,草药伤肝并不只存在于中国,连美国也在遭殃! 美国药物伤肝是啥情况? 《Hepatology》杂志就刊发过一篇来自DILIN(Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network)的文章,其中称,美国使用草药的人越来越多,到2013年为止,大约半数


许多人似乎反对草药伤肝一说,并认为原文没有详细的统计数据,无法证明草药伤肝。实际上,草药伤肝并不只存在于中国,连美国也在遭殃!

美国药物伤肝是啥情况?

《Hepatology》杂志就刊发过一篇来自DILIN(Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network)的文章,其中称,美国使用草药的人越来越多,到2013年为止,大约半数的美国人都使用过草药(herbal supplement)。而草药和膳食辅助剂造成的肝损伤,从2004年的7%增长到了2013年的20%,翻了两倍多。

密歇根大学的一份涉及样本与上述并不重复的调查也得出了类似的结论——

在这张饼状数据图中,前10的伤肝药物品类被一一列出,第一名是抗生素,46.52%;第二名就是草药和膳食辅助剂,占16.53%;第三位心血管药物,占10.03%;第四位中枢神经药物,9.35%;第五位抗肿瘤药,5.59%;第六位止痛剂,3.76%;第七位免疫调节因子,3.08%;第八位内分泌药物,2.28%;第九位风湿类药物,占1.48%;第十位胃肠道药物,占1.37%。

需要注意的是,这份排名是药物造成的肝损伤的数量占比,并不代表该药物类造成的损伤严重程度。这份研究指出,大约有四分之一的肝损伤最后导致患者肝脏有超过半年以上的长期损害、需要进行肝移植或者死亡。

在关于草药和善事辅助剂伤肝得那份研究中,研究者更是明确指出15.3%以非健身目的使用草药和膳食补充剂造成肝损伤的患者,最后导致肝移植或死亡。在这些需要移植或者死亡的患者中,23.1%明确承认使用了中草药。这些患者的共同特征是年龄较高(大于64岁),一半以上是亚洲人。这里要明确一点,这项研究仔细的筛掉了可能由于其他类型药物导致肝损伤的案例。

中国的情况又怎样?

这张饼状图数据来源于2007年全国肝病多中心调查,红色表示抗生素损伤,蓝色为抗结核药物损伤,橙色为中药损伤。比较遗憾的是这张图没有将其余药物详细列入。不过也可以看出,和美国的趋势相似,抗生素和草药在肝损伤案例中占较大比例。

另一项2007-2011年的统计研究,将共10 693例药物性肝损伤(DILI)患者的资料进行统计汇总。其中,居前6位的是抗结核药(32.74%,3058/9340)、中药(22.12%,2066/9340)、抗生素(9.18%,857/9340)、 抗肿瘤药(6.34%,592/9340)、解热镇痛药(4.80%,448/9340)和甲状腺功能亢进用药(4.37%,408/9340)。

比较可怕的是,43.51%的患者(2868/6592)无自觉症状,经体检或常规检查才发现肝功能异常。

中美的痛点分别在哪?

1)一样的抗生素滥用

抗生素在双方的药物性肝损伤黑名单中都金榜题名,实际上,抗结核药物当中有相当部分就是抗生素。中美两国的临床抗生素滥用问题其实都不少,双方的学会和相关部门也想尽办法的去控制,比如美国的监控抗生素使用的指南或条例,中国则是关闭大医院输液等等。

总体来说,抗生素伤肝的案例数量之所以占如此大的比例,是由于其使用量大。并且,各种抗生素的药物损伤一般有明确的指示,医生在用药之前就已经知道风险。发生损伤后,也能快速追查到病因。

2)一样让人头疼的不确定因素

美国的一份医学评论指出,虽然抗生素和镇痛药造成肝肾损伤的案例不少,但是好在医生都知道是这些药物造成的。随着美国的草药和膳食补充剂使用者越来越多,很多时候医生根本无法找到病因,如果患者不说,或者患者自己也搞不清楚,对因的治疗就很困难。

对美国医生来说,草药可能比膳食补充剂更加麻烦。因为大部分膳食补充剂都是工业产品,至少获得了生产许可和相关的监管,然而草药则完全缺乏监管,许多患者甚至自己也不知道自己吃的是什么。

在中国,“毒副作用不明”、“不良反应未知”也不少见。《凤凰周刊》采访某三甲副主任就承认,在临床工作中遇到过多次这样棘手的中草药肝中毒事件,追究起病因来大费周折。

3)不一样的疾病结构

从各项统计来看,抗结核药一直占据中国药物性肝损伤的榜首。这是由于结核病在中国的流行情况决定的,由于结核病在美国的发病率较低,所以美国的榜单就没有这一项了。在抗生素的使用方面,中美两国的偏好和滥用种类并不一样(界哥以前专门写文介绍过其中差异),这也导致了抗结核抗生素以外的抗生素在两国药物性肝损伤中的“贡献”不同。

4)不一样的监测力度

美国的Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network成立十年以上,已完成多项监测研究和分析。国内相关机构起步较晚,第一项研究刚刚完成入组。可喜的是国内网站伤肝药物的索引已经基本成型,可供基本信息的搜索查阅。

5)不一样的医药产业结构

美国医生虽然头疼患者乱用草药,但是由于这些草药没有通过FDA审批,医生并没有权力给患者开。草药也没有在美国的医药产业领域形成巨大的利益产业链条。

原始出处:

http://www.hepatox.org/chTypeDrug

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.006

DOI 10.1002/hep.27317

http://www.dilin.org/

DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-7368.2013.05.013

http://labblog.uofmhealth.org/body-work/troubling-trends-drug-induced-liver-damage

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (5)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754656, encodeId=7f941e5465639, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b5338e217cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#草药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87217, encryptionId=b5338e217cd, topicName=草药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ff5b36776883, createdName=zll0637, createdTime=Mon Dec 12 08:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96106, encodeId=2436961068e, content=健全中药相关知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96104, encodeId=985796104a8, content=中药还是要小心, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96105, encodeId=77739610577, content=中药还是要小心使用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=91617, encodeId=80c29161e82, content=加强管理和教育, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRkia1DP5MpwEgtXo1XhXA11xD6MWKxunAZFXKSNic0fWHUQx83oNHPlRMxxIctM83QKeCLkJpMibibiaC/0, createdBy=7e581734408, createdName=深海的鱼, createdTime=Thu Jun 30 08:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-12 zll0637
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754656, encodeId=7f941e5465639, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b5338e217cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#草药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87217, encryptionId=b5338e217cd, topicName=草药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ff5b36776883, createdName=zll0637, createdTime=Mon Dec 12 08:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96106, encodeId=2436961068e, content=健全中药相关知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96104, encodeId=985796104a8, content=中药还是要小心, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96105, encodeId=77739610577, content=中药还是要小心使用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=91617, encodeId=80c29161e82, content=加强管理和教育, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRkia1DP5MpwEgtXo1XhXA11xD6MWKxunAZFXKSNic0fWHUQx83oNHPlRMxxIctM83QKeCLkJpMibibiaC/0, createdBy=7e581734408, createdName=深海的鱼, createdTime=Thu Jun 30 08:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-05 Mr.Li先生

    健全中药相关知识

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754656, encodeId=7f941e5465639, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b5338e217cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#草药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87217, encryptionId=b5338e217cd, topicName=草药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ff5b36776883, createdName=zll0637, createdTime=Mon Dec 12 08:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96106, encodeId=2436961068e, content=健全中药相关知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96104, encodeId=985796104a8, content=中药还是要小心, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96105, encodeId=77739610577, content=中药还是要小心使用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=91617, encodeId=80c29161e82, content=加强管理和教育, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRkia1DP5MpwEgtXo1XhXA11xD6MWKxunAZFXKSNic0fWHUQx83oNHPlRMxxIctM83QKeCLkJpMibibiaC/0, createdBy=7e581734408, createdName=深海的鱼, createdTime=Thu Jun 30 08:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-05 Mr.Li先生

    中药还是要小心

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754656, encodeId=7f941e5465639, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b5338e217cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#草药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87217, encryptionId=b5338e217cd, topicName=草药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ff5b36776883, createdName=zll0637, createdTime=Mon Dec 12 08:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96106, encodeId=2436961068e, content=健全中药相关知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96104, encodeId=985796104a8, content=中药还是要小心, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96105, encodeId=77739610577, content=中药还是要小心使用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=91617, encodeId=80c29161e82, content=加强管理和教育, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRkia1DP5MpwEgtXo1XhXA11xD6MWKxunAZFXKSNic0fWHUQx83oNHPlRMxxIctM83QKeCLkJpMibibiaC/0, createdBy=7e581734408, createdName=深海的鱼, createdTime=Thu Jun 30 08:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-05 Mr.Li先生

    中药还是要小心使用

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754656, encodeId=7f941e5465639, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b5338e217cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#草药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87217, encryptionId=b5338e217cd, topicName=草药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ff5b36776883, createdName=zll0637, createdTime=Mon Dec 12 08:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96106, encodeId=2436961068e, content=健全中药相关知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96104, encodeId=985796104a8, content=中药还是要小心, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96105, encodeId=77739610577, content=中药还是要小心使用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=91617, encodeId=80c29161e82, content=加强管理和教育, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRkia1DP5MpwEgtXo1XhXA11xD6MWKxunAZFXKSNic0fWHUQx83oNHPlRMxxIctM83QKeCLkJpMibibiaC/0, createdBy=7e581734408, createdName=深海的鱼, createdTime=Thu Jun 30 08:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-30 深海的鱼

    加强管理和教育

    0

Baidu
map
Baidu
map
Baidu
map