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房颤患者围手术期,抗栓治疗可不简单!

2017-09-29 小可真 医学界心血管频道

心房颤动(AF)是最常见的心血管疾病之一,这类人群在围手术期可能会面对两类血栓栓塞风险,一类是AF相关缺血性卒中,一类是围术期相关静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)。更令人头疼的是,存在栓塞风险就可能伴随出血风险,这使得心内科医师要熟练掌握围术期的抗栓策略。

房颤动(AF)是最常见的心血管疾病之一,这类人群在围手术期可能会面对两类血栓栓塞风险,一类是AF相关缺血性卒中,一类是围术期相关静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)。更令人头疼的是,存在栓塞风险就可能伴随出血风险,这使得心内科医师要熟练掌握围术期的抗栓策略。

本文总结最近临床工作中遇到的一例病例,与大家共同探讨围术期抗栓策略。

病历简介

患者老年男性,70岁,因右侧腹股沟疝入院拟行腹腔镜下疝修补术。

既往AF病史2年,无心悸症状,体检时发现,外院就诊后规律服用普罗帕酮治疗但曾转复窦性心律,未曾服用过抗栓药物。高血压病史10年,血压控制不佳为165/80 mmHg。否认冠心病、糖尿病、缺血性脑卒中/TIA、肝炎、肿瘤、VTE、肺部疾病等病。有吸烟史40余年,无饮酒史。

对于此病例,我们应分析患者血栓栓塞(缺血性卒中和VTE)和出血风险。

1.明确AF类型

根据AF时程考虑为长程持续性房颤(见表1)。

表1 心房颤动临床分类和定义


注:红色字体代表患者病情

2.明确卒中风险

目前评价卒中风险比较经典的评分系统包括CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统(见表2),但目前研究发现后者优于前者。

表2 CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统


注:TIA:一过性脑缺血发作;&:包括心肌梗死、外周动脉疾病、主动脉斑块;红色字体代表患者病情。

该患者CHA2DS2-VASc评分2分,根据指南CHA2DS2-VASc≥2分推荐口服抗凝治疗,不推荐使用阿司匹林,因阿司匹林预防缺血性脑卒中效果远低于抗凝药物。

3.明确VTE风险

目前推荐使用Caprini模型对普外科患者进行VTE风险评估:先计算风险评分(见表3),再判断风险等级(见表4)。

表3 Caprini——血栓危险因素评估


注:红色字体代表患者病情

表4 普外科手术患者VTE风险分层


注:红色字体代表患者病情

该患者Caprini评分为5分,VTE风险分层为高危。

4.明确出血风险

目前有多种出血风险的评分系统,如HAS-BLED、HEMORR2HAGES、ATRIA、ORBIT和ABC-bleeding评分系统,但各大指南均推荐HAS-BLED评估出血风险(见表5)。

表5 HAS-BLED评分系统


注:红色字体代表患者病情

该患者HAS-BLED评分2分,为低出血风险。但作为围术期患者,我们必须考虑手术相关出血风险(见表6)。

表6 不同类型手术或有创操作的出血风险


注:红色字体代表患者病情

腹腔镜下腹股沟疝修补术为出血低危手术。

总结一下以上表格,该患者具有栓塞高危出血低危风险。

无论从预防缺血性卒中还是VTE方面看均应术前予口服抗凝剂治疗,推荐使用维生素K拮抗剂——华法林,因目前研究无新型口服抗凝剂用于普外科患者的证据。华法林用法:起始剂量2.0~3.0 mg/d,开始时应每周监测1~2次,连续3次INR均在2.0~3.0后,每月复查1~2次,华法林剂量根据INR调整。

此外,该患者为长程持续性房颤,在外院患者服用普罗帕酮转复窦律失败,且该患者放弃其他转复途径,则不应再使用普罗帕酮,应根据指南推荐是用β受体阻滞剂控制心室率,另该患者CHA2DS2VASC评分≥2,在院外就应予口服抗凝剂治疗,以降低卒中风险。

5.围术期抗栓策略(见表7)

AF患者术前无需再联用普通肝素或低分子肝素等非口服抗凝药物,术前5 d停用华法林,术前1d监测INR,若INR仍延长(>1.5),如患者需及早手术可口服小剂量维生素K(1~2 mg)使INR尽快恢复正常。

该患者CHADS2分数为1分,因此中断华法林后无需桥接抗凝,术后患者血流动力学稳定,应12~24h恢复重启华法林。

表7 房颤患者血栓风险分层及桥接抗凝治疗推荐

注:红色字体代表患者病情。

需外科手术合并心血管风险的患者在临床上非常常见,也是科住院会诊时较为头疼的事,需要我们青年医师在工作之余多读相关文献或指南,并勤加训练。

参考文献

[1]Chiang CE, Okumura K, Zhang S, et al. 2017 consensus of the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society on stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. J Arrhythm. 2017, 33(4):345-367.



[4]刘凤林,张太平.[J] 中国普通外科围手术期血栓预防与管理指南. 中华外科杂志. 2016, 54(5): 321-327.

[5]黄从新,张澍,黄德嘉. 心房颤动:目前的认识和治疗建议——2015. 中华心律失常学杂志. 2015, 19(5): 321-384.

[6]朱铁楠. 围手术期出血风险评估及处理. 中国实用内科杂志. 2017, 37(2): 108-112.

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    2017-09-29 changjiu

    学习了.谢谢

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2053786, encodeId=b0be2053e86c7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8f5a54442a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#手术期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54442, encryptionId=8f5a54442a1, topicName=手术期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/WQ1WyMBGic8d2fKdCe6Cm3vaRh4X8YnlumYndC46iagNCBl9Df8RtoCaQchnFtZldHUctGJjsgsyutUlu8vPq6yQ/132, createdBy=97862500016, createdName=ms3117646317107274, createdTime=Mon Oct 02 16:49:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1614399, encodeId=4d111614399eb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64f95426122' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#房颤患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54261, encryptionId=64f95426122, topicName=房颤患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Sun Oct 01 07:49:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=248851, encodeId=52b424885140, content=学习了.谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Fri Sep 29 19:56:51 CST 2017, time=2017-09-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=248839, encodeId=c02d24883935, content=心房颤动(AF)是最常见的心血管疾病之一.这类人群在围手术期可能会面对两类血栓栓塞风险.一类是AF相关缺血性卒中.一类是围术期相关静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE), beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Fri Sep 29 19:27:15 CST 2017, time=2017-09-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=248837, encodeId=8d2b24883e3e, content=学习了.谢谢., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Fri Sep 29 18:57:50 CST 2017, time=2017-09-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-09-29 有备才能无患

    心房颤动(AF)是最常见的心血管疾病之一.这类人群在围手术期可能会面对两类血栓栓塞风险.一类是AF相关缺血性卒中.一类是围术期相关静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)

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    2017-09-29 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢.

    0

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这大概是他最后一次血栓栓塞了吧……

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