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肱骨头置换术治疗Neer三部分骨折

2018-05-21 沈惠良 姜保国 老年骨质疏松骨折

患者,男性,72岁。入院前2天被机动车撞倒,右肩部着地,即感右肩部疼痛伴活动受限。就诊于当地医院急诊,行X 线检查提示为“右肱骨近端骨折”,给予临时外固定制动。

【病例介绍】

患者,男性,72岁。入院前2天被机动车撞倒,右肩部着地,即感右肩部疼痛伴活动受限。就诊于当地医院急诊,行X 线检查提示为“右肱骨近端骨折”,给予临时外固定制动。患者为进一步诊治转至北京大学人民医院创伤骨科。既往体健。查体:右肩关节肿胀,肱骨近端压痛明显,右肩关节因疼痛活动受限。辅助检查:X 线片(急诊):右肱骨近端骨折(图1‐1‐12)。

图1‐1‐12 术前肩关节正位X 线片

诊断要点】

患者外伤史明确,结合查体及X线检查,考虑右肱骨近端骨折诊断明确。X 线片为肩关节正位片,为更加清晰地明确骨折形态,入院后进一步行肩关节三维重建CT 检查(图1‐1‐13)。通过三维重建CT 检查发现肱骨头劈裂,大结节和部分肱骨头作为一整体骨折块移位,外科颈骨折移位。考虑骨折分型为Neer 三部分骨折,肱骨头劈裂型骨折。同时该患者为老年人,X 线片提示肱骨近端骨小梁结构变细、减少、间隙增宽,骨皮质变薄,考虑该患者同时合并有骨质疏松症。

图1‐1‐13 肩关节三维重建CT

【治疗原则】

患者骨折类型为Neer 分型的三部分骨折,肱骨头劈裂型骨折,同时患者合并有骨质疏松,分析认为最佳的治疗方案为肱骨近端假体置换术,即半肩关节置换术。

患者入院完善相关术前检查,无明显手术禁忌,遂于入院2天后在全麻下行左半肩关节置换术。

麻醉成功后患者取沙滩椅体位。采用三角肌、胸大肌入路,切口自喙突沿胸三角肌间隙至三角肌结节。分离头静脉,将头静脉同三角肌拉向外侧,将胸大肌拉向内侧。显露喙突联合肌腱,在联合肌腱外侧打开锁胸筋膜,将自动拉钩深入喙突肌群外侧的下方和三角肌之间撑开,显露肱骨近端。探查肱二头肌长头肌腱,并以其为解剖标志用粗的不可吸收缝线标记大小结节的骨折块,咬除大结节骨折块的肱骨头关节面部分。清理骨折断端血肿。找到残存的肱骨头骨折块后将其取出。髓腔锉扩髓后,选择Zimmer 130mm 肱骨柄假体,根据取出的肱骨头大小选择直径46mm、高度21mm的肱骨头假体。将试模植入后,应用后倾角度器取30°后倾角安置试模。复位大小结节骨折块后再次矫正假体高度及后倾角度,并于肱骨干近端作出标记。取出试模,于肱骨近端皮质和大小结节钻孔,并预留粗的不可吸收缝线和Cable ready 钢缆备用。骨髓腔插入中置塞,然后注入骨水泥,根据标记的位置插入假体,处理干净假体外露区的残留骨水泥。复位大小结节,应用预留的不可吸收缝线及Cable ready钢缆固定大小结节至假体的侧翼和肱骨的近端。检查大小结节固定稳定。复位肩关节。肩关节活动良好,张力合适,无明显撞击征。冲洗枪冲洗伤口后留置引流管,关闭肩袖间隙,逐层关闭伤口。

术后肩关节吊带固定,第1日即开始患侧肘关节、前臂、腕和手的主动活动,术后第3日移除引流管,行X 线检查示假体位置良好(图1‐1‐14),即开始肩关节被动活动。术后6周患者在仰卧位使用手杖进行钟摆活动以及被动外旋锻炼,在康复师或家人的帮助下进行肩胛骨平面内的被动上举锻炼。术后6周至8周时复查X 线片存在大小结节愈合证据,可以进行主动活动并加强被动牵拉锻炼,晚些时候可进行对抗阻力的锻炼,根据患者的耐受程度先等长锻炼后等张锻炼。术后3个月开始功能的最大康复。整个训练计划大约1年时间。

图1‐1‐14 术后肩关节正侧位X 线片

【随访结果】

患者术后1年右肩关节被动活动VAS疼痛评分0分,主动活动VAS疼痛评分1分;患者对手术的满意度评分为8分(0~10分,0分为一点也不满意,10分为绝对满意)。ASES评分75分。Constant 评分70分。HSS评分75分。右肩关节无肌萎缩,无压痛。右肩关节主动前屈100°,被动110°;主动外展100°,被动100°;上臂垂于躯体两侧时主动外旋35°,被动35°;上臂90°外展时主动外旋30°,被动30°;主动内旋L 4水平(拇指所能够到的背侧最高点),被动内旋L 3水平;主动内收45°,被动内收45°。左肩关节外展及前屈肌力Ⅳ级,外旋及内旋肌力Ⅳ级。

【经验教训】

肱骨近端骨折肩关节置换术最终影响患者肩关节功能恢复的最关键的因素是大小结节的愈合。经人工关节置换手术后肩关节功能恢复欠佳的肱骨近端骨折患者中,若排除手术操作失误等人为因素的影响,超过50%的患者存在大结节的不愈合、畸形愈合以及吸收等问题。因此术中确定正确的假体的高度、后倾角度以及大结节的位置十分关键。

肱骨头后倾的测量标志是以肘部经髁上轴为标准。如以前臂作参考,平均后倾约30°。多数假体以上臂长轴为基准后倾30°安装。很多现代假体系统一般都配有确定后倾角度的装置,如导针或导向器等,以便于将假体的后倾角度定位于20°~40°。Frederick 等报道:肌间沟角(髓腔中心与肌间沟中心连线同肱骨髁间连线的夹角)平均值为55.5°,后倾角平均值为28.5°,肌间沟角与后倾角存在30°的差异。但解剖学研究发现肌间沟呈S形,解剖颈水平肌间沟角度平均值为55.8°,而外科颈水平的肌间沟角度平均值为65.1°,两者相比存在显著性差异,对于肱骨近端四部分骨折,进行肱骨近端置换时若以外科颈水平肌间沟为参照确定后倾角,会存在假体后倾角度过大的问题。研究表明在外科颈水平将假体的外侧翼置于肌间沟后缘约5mm处即可实现肱骨头的平均倾角。但创伤患者的肱骨近端骨折多为严重粉碎,有时判断结节间沟的解剖位置十分困难,这时就只能依据肱骨髁间连线来判断后倾角度了。

【专家点评】

复杂的老年肱骨近端骨折,包括四部分骨折。四部分骨折脱位以及肱骨头劈裂骨折是应用肩关节置换术治疗的适应证。本患者为肱骨头劈裂型骨折,手术适应证明确。关于后倾角度的确定,本文中描述了一些临床上常用的方法,当然这些方法基本上都是恢复平均后倾角,无法达到个体化。对于重建的肩关节如何精确的恢复原有的后倾角度,目前尚无理想的方法,需要我们进一步的研究。

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    2019-02-18 yxch48
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    2018-09-12 redcrab
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    2018-05-23 shalley68
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