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Nature:逆转糖尿病的革命性新成果

2019-02-14 佚名 生物通

生物学教科书告诉我们:细胞分化后形成的成体细胞类型是固定的,但来自瑞士日内瓦大学(UNIGE)的一项最新研究第一次发现,不能产生胰岛素的人胰腺细胞可以通过诱导,改变自身功能,可持续的生成胰岛素,这表明我们细胞的适应能力远大于之前认为的。而且,这种可塑性不是人体胰腺细胞所独有的。

生物学教科书告诉我们:细胞分化后形成的成体细胞类型是固定的,但来自瑞士日内瓦大学(UNIGE)的一项最新研究第一次发现,不能产生胰岛素的人胰腺细胞可以通过诱导,改变自身功能,可持续的生成胰岛素,这表明我们细胞的适应能力远大于之前认为的。而且,这种可塑性不是人体胰腺细胞所独有的。

研究人员认为这项研究将推动细胞生物学的新一轮革命,相关成果公布在2月14日的Nature杂志上。

从一种激素到另一种激素:一种长期变化

人类胰腺含有几种类型的内分泌细胞(α、β、δ、ε和胰多肽PP细胞),它们产生不同的激素,负责调节血糖水平。这些细胞被捆绑成小簇,称为胰岛或islets of Langerhans。当功能性β细胞缺失,血糖水平无法受到控制,就会导致糖尿病

UNIGE医学院的Pedro Herrera教授等人此前已经证明小鼠胰腺可以通过其他胰腺细胞的一种自发同一性变化机制再生新胰岛素细胞。但是人类是否也有相似的机制呢?是否有可能人为地促进这种转变呢?

为了探索人体细胞是否具有这种适应能力,科学家们利用来自糖尿病和非糖尿病捐赠者的胰岛展开实验,他们首先对不同的细胞进行分类,聚焦于两种细胞:α细胞(生成胰高血糖素)和胰多肽细胞(pancreatic polypeptide cells)。“我们将细胞分成两组:一组我们只引入荧光细胞示踪剂,另一组我们添加了产生β细胞特异性胰岛素转录因子的基因,”Pedro Herrera解释道。

然后研究人员构建了“pseudo-islets”(假胰岛),一次只研究一种细胞类型,精确分析它们的行为。

“第一次观察发现单型假胰岛刺激某些与胰岛素生成有关的基因的表达,就好像在其它胰岛细胞缺失的情况下,检测到‘非β’细胞一样。但是,为了让细胞开始产生胰岛素,我们不得不人工刺激一个或两个关键β细胞基因的表达,”UNIGE医学院遗传医学系研究员Kenichiro Furuyama说。

实验开始一周后,30%的α细胞对葡萄糖做出了应答,产生并分泌胰岛素。PP细胞在相同的情况下,也进行了转换,而且更多更有效的分泌了胰岛素。

第二步,研究人员将这些修饰了的人α细胞单型假胰岛移植到糖尿病小鼠体内。

“这些人体细胞被证明非常有效。小鼠的糖尿病逆转了!”Herrera说,“正如预期的那样,当再次去除这些移植的人类细胞后,小鼠又再次患上糖尿病。我们从糖尿病和非糖尿病捐献者的细胞中也获得了相同的结果,表明这种可塑性不会受到疾病的破坏。此外,这项工作也表明这种效果具有长期性——移植后6个月后,假胰岛还能继续分泌人胰岛素。”

治疗自身免疫性糖尿病更有效

研究人员对这些已经成为胰岛素生产者的人胰高血糖素细胞进行了详细的分析,发现它们有与α细胞接近的细胞特性。自身免疫性糖尿病或1型糖尿病的特征在于患者免疫系统对β细胞的破坏。由此,研究人员希望知道这些修饰的α细胞是否也会被自身免疫靶向(其实它们与β细胞不同)。为了测试它们的抗性,研究人员将它们与1型糖尿病患者的T细胞共培养。“我们发现修饰过的α细胞引发了较弱的免疫反应,因此可能比原生β细胞更不容易被破坏。”

今天,在糖尿病极度严重的情况下需要进行胰腺移植,通过移植整个胰腺,或者仅移植胰岛,这是一种侵入性较小的方法。这种技术非常有效,但有其局限性:与任何移植一样,它需要免疫抑制治疗。而且移植的细胞在几年后也会消失。

“因此,采用人体内再生细胞这种新方法值得考虑,”Herrera说。然而,在提出治疗之前,仍然存在许多障碍。 “我们必须找到一种方法:药理学或基因疗法来刺激患者自身胰腺中细胞这种身份的变化,而不会对其他细胞类型产生不良影响”。这条路将是艰难而漫长的。

原始出处:

Kenichiro Furuyama,et al.Diabetes relief in mice by glucose-sensing insulin-secreting human α-cells.Nature.13 February 2019

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    2019-10-15 wgx306
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1922210, encodeId=43771922210ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=33915836275' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新成果#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58362, encryptionId=33915836275, topicName=新成果)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4193478, createdName=wgx306, createdTime=Tue Oct 15 15:55:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1883597, encodeId=c5e6188359e8c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Mon Sep 30 03:55:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360677, encodeId=e6933606e7a9, content=科研路漫漫,加油!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NdgSW0vVibEHQRlKXLlvMibvcHmy5ibwM7Luib2am6ywX6FqBrXibF8k7JVEzriaOSghltmYz1nomRd6TgSp2Yj9xHGAY/0, createdBy=9b2f2045808, createdName=haige, createdTime=Fri Feb 15 09:33:07 CST 2019, time=2019-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360629, encodeId=140f3606298f, content=很好的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/02/13/693df815892a5a17c9bc1973fc614c82.jpg, createdBy=2bd12544551, createdName=tianshen324_87690712, createdTime=Thu Feb 14 16:57:49 CST 2019, time=2019-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1042249, encodeId=296a10422494a, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Thu Feb 14 16:55:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-09-30 liye789132251
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    2019-02-15 haige

    科研路漫漫,加油!

    0

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    2019-02-14 tianshen324_87690712

    很好的资讯

    0

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    2019-02-14 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

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对于糖尿病患者来说,通过恰当的护理方法可以控制住病情,但目前还没有彻底治愈的方法。一些科学家认为,将干细胞转化为分泌胰岛素的细胞或许能带来治愈糖尿病的希望。

Int J Biol Macromol:台科大发明自组装纳米粒子,或可实现胰岛素口服给药

目前,随着重组人胰岛素的发展,利用蛋白质和多肽治疗慢性疾病越来越受到重视。

JAMA Network Open:胰岛素、磺脲类药物增加糖尿病心血管风险

美国一项新的真实世界研究表明,使用胰岛素或磺脲类药物作为成人2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的二线治疗会增加心血管风险,而使用新型降糖药物则不然。

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