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麻醉师短缺现状如何改变 聚焦无痛分娩推广难

2018-06-27 周韵曦 耿兴敏 彭芸 田珊檑 中国妇女报

就我国目前的医疗发展水平来看,无痛分娩的使用与推广并不会受到技术的限制,但据有关报道显示,如今,美国无痛分娩率达到85%,法国有的医院应用率达到96%,而我国无痛分娩率仅为10%。那么,究竟是什么限制了我国无痛分娩的应用率?无痛分娩的实施又应注意哪些问题?这不仅是记者的疑问,也是广大医护人员和产妇共同的疑问。

就我国目前的医疗发展水平来看,无痛分娩的使用与推广并不会受到技术的限制,但据有关报道显示,如今,美国无痛分娩率达到85%,法国有的医院应用率达到96%,而我国无痛分娩率仅为10%。那么,究竟是什么限制了我国无痛分娩的应用率?无痛分娩的实施又应注意哪些问题?这不仅是记者的疑问,也是广大医护人员和产妇共同的疑问。

基层非麻醉性镇痛分娩更受欢迎

在北京大学第一医院麻醉科主任医师曲元看来,为了促进自然分娩,无痛分娩一直都在推广,但除了麻醉师尽职外,无论是推广理念还是手术实施,曲元都感到阻力巨大。“这个‘阻力大’不是说老百姓不接受这个技术,我觉得是医院内部出了问题,是制度、收费标准等方面的诸多因素限制了无痛分娩的推广。”

“生产过程中,产妇还是很愿意选择无痛分娩的,不过选择麻醉镇痛的相对较少。”湖南省麻阳苗族自治县高村镇卫生院妇产科主治医生张锦春告诉中国妇女报·中国女网记者,无痛分娩的方式有很多种,如非药物性镇痛和使用麻药等药物性镇痛,目前当地人对非药物性镇痛接受率比较高,如通过穴位、呼吸、精神安慰法等方式减轻疼痛,对于麻药的使用则比较慎重。“大部分产妇和家属主要担心麻药会对胎儿和产妇本人产生不利影响,不愿意冒这个风险。”

青海省妇幼保健院副院长、主任医师芦莉指出:“无痛分娩不仅有打麻药的镇痛方式,还包括很多种减轻疼痛的方式,如导乐分娩、心理安慰法、局部穴位按摩、中药针灸等。从大的范围看,无痛分娩的接受率很高。但相较其他镇痛方式,麻醉分娩镇痛的使用相对较少。”

在青海省妇幼保健院,使用麻醉分娩镇痛的比例在30%左右。据芦莉分析,当地使用麻醉无痛分娩相对较少存在多方面原因:“当地人对麻醉镇痛的认知和接受情况受教育程度的影响,教育程度高的人更容易接受这一新方式,农村地区对麻醉镇痛的接受率相对较低;大多数产妇和家属认为使用麻药会对身体和胎儿造成不利影响;再加之麻醉镇痛需要有麻醉师、助产士等条件,过程相对复杂,费用相对高一些,大家更倾向于使用其他镇痛方式。”目前,青海省妇幼保健院首先提倡的也是非麻醉性无痛分娩。

麻醉师短缺成共性问题

不管是地方小医院,还是大城市的三甲医院,要推广无痛分娩,麻醉师的短缺都属共性。

“就我们三级甲等综合医院的情况而言,麻醉医生的数量确实非常紧张。” 首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院麻醉科副主任医师芮燕告诉记者,随着日益增长的手术以及手术室外麻醉(如无痛胃肠镜、气管镜、膀胱镜检查等)的开展,麻醉人员的人数在本就很紧张的前提下更是捉襟见肘。

在首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院,无痛分娩在早期摸索推广期由专人负责,芮燕被分配主管无痛分娩工作,准备药品设备以及制定流程,这让她的感受更加深刻:“目前无痛分娩的工作是值班的麻醉医生兼管,值班医生还要应对全院急诊手术,针对无痛分娩的需求有时真的忙不过来。”

“由于产妇生育的特殊性,往往会扎堆,夜间生产很多,没有专人的话会很辛苦。”芮燕认为,无痛分娩目前在全国也是妇产专科医院开展得好,广泛推广无痛分娩需要解决的问题或改变的因素,关键还是医生短缺问题以及产妇对无痛分娩接受的程度。

这一点,曲元也深有感触:“拿我们医院来说,麻醉医生要24小时值班,65%的产妇是在我们8小时正常上班时间以外来实施的。比如凌晨4点到早上8点,我们要完成大概2/3的产妇分娩。在人手短缺的前提下,人员安排是件麻烦事。”此外,“无痛分娩没有(明确)收费标准,或者很低,我们医院的无痛分娩只收费200元,而我们现在平均镇痛时间在12个小时,最长的有20多个小时,那么医生的价值根本体现不出来。”曲元说。

日常生活中,不少人谈到无痛分娩难以推广认为是观念的问题。对此,在北京师范大学社会发展与公共政策学院教授胡晓江看来,这不是根本所在:“这个问题确实存在,但最重要的是人力资源的问题,没有麻醉师别的都谈不上。”胡晓江列举道,其他事情比如遗体捐献、器官移植等,在技术、基础设施等环节都没有问题,只受观念的制约,“这种情况下我们更多倡导观念的改变是有效的,但无痛分娩更多是基础设施、麻醉师短缺的问题,麻醉师不是一天两天就能培养出来的,所以只呼吁改变观念作用不大。”

分娩应更多体现人文关怀

关于分娩,从医生的角度出发,芦莉并不主张大力推广麻醉镇痛的无痛分娩方式,强调重点应多关注对产妇的人文关怀。

“尽管我们椎管内麻醉镇痛技术已经很成熟,安全性很高,它可以作为一种选择方式,但不是必须要去使用的。”在芦莉看来,医生会根据产妇的身体状况及个人意愿,选择最适合产妇本人的分娩镇痛方式。“麻醉一般是用来减轻病理性疼痛,而分娩疼痛是一种生理性疼痛,不是病理性疼痛,并非非麻药不可。麻醉是否会对产妇身体产生不利影响,还需要进一步考证和观察。当然,如果产妇对分娩疼痛特别敏感,难以忍受,我们会根据产妇身体状况和意愿,选择麻醉分娩镇痛,最大限度地减少她的疼痛。”

不可忽视的是,“产妇分娩应该是带有人文关怀的过程”。芦莉认为,公众不要过于把焦点放在是否使用麻药,而应是通过各种努力减少产妇的分娩疼痛。“在分娩过程中,我们要陪伴产妇,给予她人文关爱,可以通过呼吸调整、局部按摩、情绪安抚等无创伤性镇痛方式,帮助产妇调整好心理状态,保证产妇和胎儿的健康和安全。”

分娩前,大部分产妇都会有紧张、担心和恐惧情绪。“保证产妇和新生儿健康,并最大限度减轻产妇分娩的疼痛感,应该是医院和医生共同努力的方向。”张锦春建议:“产妇在分娩前,如果提出无痛分娩的需求,医生应详细给产妇和家属介绍什么是无痛分娩以及无痛分娩的安全性,取得他们的信任,并对产妇进行心理上的疏导和安慰,舒缓紧张情绪,减轻内心恐惧,让她们感到时刻有亲人陪伴在身边,这在一定程度上能改善医患关系,避免矛盾冲突的出现。”

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    2019-05-21 wshxjq
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    2018-06-29 linlin2312
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1822489, encodeId=604218224897c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cb3b1030603e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#麻醉师#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=103060, encryptionId=cb3b1030603e, topicName=麻醉师)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fd34186, createdName=wshxjq, createdTime=Tue May 21 21:26:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275148, encodeId=610e12e514822, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=263031541b4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#分娩#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31541, encryptionId=263031541b4, topicName=分娩)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d590125, createdName=linlin2312, createdTime=Fri Jun 29 02:26:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587374, encodeId=04bb158e374f0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7e9a56e67a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#推广#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56767, encryptionId=7e9a56e67a0, topicName=推广)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dff417466583, createdName=zhangxingru, createdTime=Fri Jun 29 02:26:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1628120, encodeId=41e616281204b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b19de323897' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#短缺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73238, encryptionId=b19de323897, topicName=短缺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Fri Jun 29 02:26:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327443, encodeId=988a32e4436c, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Wed Jun 27 13:09:47 CST 2018, time=2018-06-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327432, encodeId=849a32e432d9, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Jun 27 12:56:51 CST 2018, time=2018-06-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1822489, encodeId=604218224897c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cb3b1030603e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#麻醉师#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=103060, encryptionId=cb3b1030603e, topicName=麻醉师)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fd34186, createdName=wshxjq, createdTime=Tue May 21 21:26:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275148, encodeId=610e12e514822, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=263031541b4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#分娩#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31541, encryptionId=263031541b4, topicName=分娩)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d590125, createdName=linlin2312, createdTime=Fri Jun 29 02:26:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587374, encodeId=04bb158e374f0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7e9a56e67a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#推广#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56767, encryptionId=7e9a56e67a0, topicName=推广)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dff417466583, createdName=zhangxingru, createdTime=Fri Jun 29 02:26:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1628120, encodeId=41e616281204b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b19de323897' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#短缺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73238, encryptionId=b19de323897, topicName=短缺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Fri Jun 29 02:26:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327443, encodeId=988a32e4436c, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Wed Jun 27 13:09:47 CST 2018, time=2018-06-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327432, encodeId=849a32e432d9, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Jun 27 12:56:51 CST 2018, time=2018-06-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-27 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1822489, encodeId=604218224897c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cb3b1030603e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#麻醉师#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=103060, encryptionId=cb3b1030603e, topicName=麻醉师)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fd34186, createdName=wshxjq, createdTime=Tue May 21 21:26:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275148, encodeId=610e12e514822, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=263031541b4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#分娩#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31541, encryptionId=263031541b4, topicName=分娩)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d590125, createdName=linlin2312, createdTime=Fri Jun 29 02:26:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587374, encodeId=04bb158e374f0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7e9a56e67a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#推广#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56767, encryptionId=7e9a56e67a0, topicName=推广)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dff417466583, createdName=zhangxingru, createdTime=Fri Jun 29 02:26:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1628120, encodeId=41e616281204b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b19de323897' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#短缺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73238, encryptionId=b19de323897, topicName=短缺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Fri Jun 29 02:26:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327443, encodeId=988a32e4436c, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Wed Jun 27 13:09:47 CST 2018, time=2018-06-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327432, encodeId=849a32e432d9, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Jun 27 12:56:51 CST 2018, time=2018-06-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-27 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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