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围产期合并急性主动脉夹层Stanford A型麻醉管理二例

2020-01-22 王薇 常宁青 王尧 临床麻醉学杂志

例1 产妇,32岁,因“孕29+4周,突发胸背部痛13h”入院。诊断:(1)急性主动脉夹层Stanford A型,主动脉瓣中度关闭不全;(2)急性下壁心肌梗死;(3)马凡综合征;(4)孕6产2孕29+4周。多学科会诊后,拟急诊全麻下行剖宫产+Bentall+冠状动脉旁路移植术。NYHAⅣ级,ASAⅣ级。泵入多巴胺5μg·kg-1·min-1,BP 97/52mmHg,频发室性早搏。

例1 产妇,32岁,因“孕29+4周,突发胸背部痛13h”入院。诊断:(1)急性主动脉夹层Stanford A型,主动脉瓣中度关闭不全;(2)急性下壁心肌梗死;(3)马凡综合征;(4)孕6产2孕29+4周。多学科会诊后,拟急诊全麻下行剖宫产+Bentall+冠状动脉旁路移植术。NYHAⅣ级,ASAⅣ级。泵入多巴胺5μg·kg-1·min-1,BP 97/52mmHg,频发室性早搏。
 
采用七氟醚吸入及丙泊酚1.0mg/kg静注,待意识消失后手术开始。1min后剖出一男婴,体重1.57kg,Apgar 2分,立即行气管插管,8min后Apgar 8分。胎儿剖出后给予产妇静注罗库溴铵0.8mg/kg行气管插管。15s后产妇血压迅速下降至68/35mmHg,SpO2及PETCO2也迅速降低,立即给予去氧肾上腺素0.1mg,并追加3次共0.3mg,30s后好转。术后宫腔放置Bakri球囊压迫止血,保留子宫。
 
心外科继续行Bentall+冠脉移植术,麻醉维持采用七氟醚+芬太尼,间断追加肌松药。复温后泵入多巴胺、肾上腺素及硝酸甘油,主动脉开放后自主复跳,BP 68/45mmHg,HR 50次/分,且反复出现室性早搏、右室收缩无力,给予抗心律失常、安装起搏器、放置主动脉球囊反搏等处理后顺利停机。停机后输入血小板1个治疗量、血浆800ml、冷沉淀10U、红细胞6U以及自体血800ml,手术历时9h。术后第1天产妇心跳骤停,积极抢救安装ECMO(体外膜肺氧合),术后14d行盆腔血肿清除术。ICU住院21d,后转外院行综合康复治疗。术后3、6个月随访,产妇及婴儿均良好。
 
例2 产妇,34岁,因“产后2d,突发胸背部撕裂样疼痛6h”入院,既往地中海贫血。诊断:(1)急性主动脉夹层Stanford A型,主动脉瓣轻度关闭不全;(2)马凡综合征;(3)冠状动脉起源异常并受累;(4)地中海贫血;(5)子宫产后改变。NYHAⅣ级,ASAⅣ级。泵入硝普钠0.8μg·kg-1·min-1入室,BP125/67mmHg。诱导时依次静注咪达唑仑、依托咪酯、芬太尼及顺阿曲库铵,行气管插管。插管后行足背动脉及右颈内静脉穿刺,麻醉维持以芬太尼为主辅以七氟醚。
 
复温后泵入多巴胺及硝酸甘油,顺利脱机。产妇在深低温停循环下行Bentall+全弓置换+象鼻支架置入+冠状动脉旁路移植术,手术历时8h。术后第2天出现右侧肢体偏瘫,肌力0级,CT示静脉窦血栓形成,术后17d行心包开窗引流术,ICU住院25d。术后6个月随访,产妇右侧肢体肌力Ⅲ-Ⅳ级,婴儿存活良好。
 
讨论 
 
妊娠合并主动脉夹层病情凶险,母婴病死率极高,通常发生在妊娠晚期、分娩时或产后早期。主动脉夹层按Stanford分型分为A型与B型。A型累及升主动脉,以手术治疗为主;B型累及左锁骨下动脉以远胸腹主动脉,以腔内支架介入治疗为主。近半年我院为2例围产期合并主动脉夹层Stanford A型产妇实施了大血管手术和/或产科手术,母婴平安。早期诊断、控制血压、监测胎儿情况、适时终止妊娠及急诊手术是治疗的关键,如出现主动脉剥离、急性主动脉瓣关闭不全、心包填塞等,应立即手术。
 
Btaverman等认为马凡氏综合征可能是妊娠期主动脉夹层的根本原因,与孕晚期心脏负荷加重及大血管屈曲有关。Zeebregts等建议,<28孕周,行急诊手术同时积极保胎;>32孕周,行急诊手术同时行剖宫产术;28~32孕周,胎儿是否娩出取决于主动脉夹层对胎儿的影响程度。围术期需严格控制血压,防止血压过高加剧夹层撕裂,也要避免血压过低影响胎盘血流灌注。当夹层累及主动脉根部时常导致主动脉瓣重度反流,麻醉时应避免HR过慢,且需用多巴胺等药物加强心功能。
 
A型夹层还可因主动脉根部内膜撕裂累及冠状动脉开口,麻醉中应避免冠脉缺血。对实施搭桥手术的产妇,应注意鱼精蛋白中和剂量,勿过度使用止血药物,防止冠脉桥血栓形成。同期行剖宫产的产妇,诱导时要注意麻醉性镇痛药对胎儿的呼吸抑制作用。发育较好的胎儿诱导时最好不用麻醉性镇痛药,可以使用七氟醚联合丙泊酚;胎儿发育迟缓的孕妇,推荐常规芬太尼诱导。产妇排空差,罗库溴铵快速诱导插管十分必要。在胎儿娩出前需与产科医师沟通避免按压宫底,防止夹层破裂。
 
子宫内放置Bakri球囊,起到产科止血效果,保全子宫及生育功能,降低了手术难度和时间。孕产妇凝血功能增强,抗凝及纤溶功能减弱。大血管手术多因素导致血小板激活和功能损伤、纤维蛋白溶解及凝血因子消耗,是围术期用血量多的主要原因。自体血小板分离可在停机后将血小板、血浆及红细胞回输给产妇,减少异体成分输血。建议在没有相对禁忌的情况下,可行自体血小板分离。妊娠合并急性主动脉夹层母婴风险极高,一经确诊应及时手术,避免夹层破裂导致母婴死亡,同时需多学科会诊制定治疗策略,保证母婴安全。
 
原始出处:

王薇, 常宁青, 王尧, et al. 围产期合并急性主动脉夹层Stanford A型麻醉管理二例[J]. 临床麻醉学杂志, 2019, 35(01):104.

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