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黄疸 胰头占位 腮腺、泪腺、淋巴结肿大1例诊断

2013-07-27 北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科 刘爽 徐传辉 任立敏 栗占国 中国医学论坛报

  1995年日本学者提出自身免疫性胰腺炎(AIP)可能与免疫相关后,IgG4相关性疾病开始引起人们的关注并于2010年被正式命名。此类疾病包括米库利兹病、硬化性胆管炎、间质性肾炎、自身免疫性胰腺炎、腹膜后纤维化及垂体炎等多个疾病谱,血清学可表现为IgE水平升高及高球蛋白血症。本文拟从病例来介绍此类疾病的相关诊疗知识。   病史回顾   主诉 患者男性,59岁,因“全身皮

黄疸 胰头占位 腮腺、泪腺、淋巴结肿大

  1995年日本学者提出自身免疫性胰腺炎(AIP)可能与免疫相关后,IgG4相关性疾病开始引起人们的关注并于2010年被正式命名。此类疾病包括米库利兹病、硬化性胆管炎、间质性肾炎、自身免疫性胰腺炎、腹膜后纤维化及垂体炎等多个疾病谱,血清学可表现为IgE水平升高及高球蛋白血症。本文拟从病例来介绍此类疾病的相关诊疗知识。

  病史回顾

  主诉 患者男性,59岁,因“全身皮肤黄染3年,口干、眼干伴腮腺及泪腺肿大2年”入院。

  现病史 3年前,患者出现进行性巩膜及全身皮肤黄染,伴瘙痒;小便呈深黄色,大便呈白色陶土样;腹部CT提示“胰头癌”。行胰腺十二指肠切除术(Whipple手术),病理检查示,慢性纤维化胰腺炎、胆管炎。出院后,患者碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)水平持续升高,伴双眼突出、泪腺及腮腺肿大。于消化科及眼科就诊,给予熊去氧胆酸及泼尼松治疗3个月后,症状缓解,但ALP、GGT水平仍轻度升高。2年前,患者出现口干、眼干、哭时无泪,伴反复发作的双侧腮腺无痛性肿大、夜尿增多。实验室检查示,抗核抗体(ANA)阳性,抗SSA及抗SSB抗体阴性,类风湿因子(RF)、C反应蛋白(CRP)及红细胞沉降率(ESR)均升高。唇腺活检示,淋巴细胞灶性浸润。考虑为“干燥综合征”。中药治疗3个月后,症状无明显缓解。近半年来,患者于着凉后反复发热,体温波动范围为37.5℃~39℃,使用退烧药及抗生素后体温降至正常。发热时,患者有全身多关节疼痛,伴尿急、尿频、尿痛,尿中泡沫增多,口腔溃疡多发。患者的精神、食欲可,睡眠欠佳。

  既往史 7年前,患者被确诊为2型糖尿病;5年前,因颌下淋巴结肿大行双侧颌下淋巴结及右侧颌下腺切除术。患者吸烟35年,2~3包/天,已戒烟5~6年;饮酒35年,平均每周1次,每次饮白酒2斤,已戒酒5~6年。

  体格检查 颏下可触及一个直径约1 cm的淋巴结,无明显压痛。双侧腮腺肿胀、无明显压痛,腮腺导管口无溢液及溢脓。心、肺查体未见明显异常。腹正中线处可见一个长约20 cm的暗红色瘢痕。全身关节无压痛、肿胀及活动受限,双下肢无水肿。

  实验室检查 血及便常规正常。尿常规示,潜血(+)。生化检查示, GGT 81 U/L(↑),ALP 260 U/L(↑),肌酐171 μmol/L(↑),二氧化碳结合力15.2 mmol/L(↓),血糖7.33 mmol/L(↑)。甲状腺功能检查示,游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸3.38 pmol/L(↓),三碘甲状腺原氨酸43.67 ng/dl(↓),促甲状腺素0.317 μIU/ml(↓),抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体68.7 IU/ml(↑)。24小时尿蛋白定量1.58 g/d(↑)。尿渗透压(↓),尿酸化功能(↓),肾小管蛋白三项(↑)。肿瘤常规示,癌抗原19-9 57.3 kU/L(↑)。血气分析示,酸碱度7.383,碳酸根21.6 mmol/L(↓)。免疫学检查示,IgG 37 g/L(↑),血清总IgE 1017 IU/ml(↑);补体C3 0.6 g/L(↓),补体C4 0.1 g/L(↓);κ轻链为3560 mg/dl(↑),λ轻链为1430 mg/dl(↑);蛋白电泳示,α2-球蛋白4.2%(↓),γ-球蛋白44.6%(↑),白蛋白/球蛋白为0.58(↓);RF 38.2 IU/ml(↑),CRP 9.1 mg/L(↑),ESR 103 mm/h(↑),ANA为1:80胞浆型,抗SSA及抗SSB抗体均为阴性。自身免疫性肝炎检查结果正常。

  影像学检查 腹部超声示,肝脏轻度不均质改变,门脉矢状部及右前支附壁血栓;双肾轻度弥漫性病变,左肾实性结节。腮腺超声示,双侧腮腺肿大并存在弥漫病变,左颌下腺轻度弥漫性病变。甲状腺彩超示,右叶囊实性小结节及多发淋巴结肿大。

  组织活检 唇腺活检示,部分腺体结构破坏及萎缩,大量淋巴浆细胞浸润。腺体组织免疫组化示,IgG4<10个/高倍镜,IgG4/IgG<10%。

  诊断分析

  以患者累及的不同器官为切入点,分析该患者的可能诊断。

  口干、眼干 入院时,患者主要表现为双侧腮腺反复无痛性肿胀,伴有口干、眼干、鼻腔干燥的典型症状,哭时无泪,服用干食须用水送服。外院实验室检查示,ESR、RF、CRP、γ球蛋白升高,ANA阳性,抗SSA及抗SSB抗体阴性。外院唇腺活检示,淋巴细胞灶性浸润。上述结果符合干燥综合征的临床表现,故外院诊断为“干燥综合征”,并给予中药治疗。

  但仔细分析,患者又有一些不符合典型干燥综合征的表现。干燥综合征好发于老年女性,主要表现为腺体分泌功能减退,可有腮腺反复肿大,ANA、抗SSA、抗SSB等抗体阳性,唇腺活检可有淋巴细胞灶性浸润。但该患者为中老年男性,多个腺体反复无痛性肿胀,抗SSA及抗SSB抗体均为阴性,而且血清IgE和IgG4水平均升高,上述表现在干燥综合征患者中并不常见,故应考虑另一种须鉴别的疾病——米库利兹病。

  该病曾经被认为是干燥综合征的一个亚型,但现在认为其是独立于干燥综合征的一种疾病,是IgG4相关性疾病谱中的一种。主要表现为腺体反复无痛性肿大,口干、眼干、关节痛等表现常较轻;血清学常表现为IgG4升高,而ANA、抗SSA、抗SSB等抗体常为阴性,唇腺活检表现为淋巴浆细胞浸润,但进一步免疫组化染色发现IgG4+浆细胞显著增加;可伴其他IgG4相关性疾病谱表现。

  ALP、GGT升高 入院时,患者另一主要表现是ALP、GGT持续升高。该表现从3年前行Whipple手术后出现,使用熊去氧胆酸和泼尼松治疗后ALP、GGT持续性升高曾有所缓解。但是患者的转氨酶均正常,自身抗体均为阴性,考虑原发性胆汁性肝硬化、自身免疫性肝炎的可能性不大。结合患者生化检查表现为胆汁淤积,提示原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)可能性较大。最新的《原发性硬化性胆管炎诊疗指南》中明确指出,对于疑似PSC的患者均应检查IgG4,以排除IgG4相关性硬化性胆管炎。

  肾小管损害 患者为中老年男性,有夜尿增多、尿蛋白阳性、肾小管性蛋白增加、肾酸化功能减退、尿渗透压降低、肌酐升高等表现,故“肾小管间质病变”的诊断基本明确。既往研究显示,IgG4相关疾病的肾损害主要为间质性肾炎。结合患者有IgG4升高的病史,应考虑其患有IgG4相关肾病。

  既往慢性胰腺炎 患者于3年前出现无痛性、进行性黄疸发作加重。影像学检查示,胰头占位,当时考虑其为“胰头癌”。行Whipple手术后病理检查提示,慢性胰腺炎,可见大量淋巴浆细胞浸润。

  回顾这段病史,考虑患者当时可能为“AIP”,该病主要表现为急性胰腺炎或慢性胰腺占位。临床上,慢性胰腺占位常被误诊为胰头癌,可通过血清IgG4及自身抗体检查、CT、磁共振成像(MRI)、磁共振胰胆管造影、内镜逆行胰胆管造影术、细针穿刺活检等方法来鉴别。

  综合上述几点,考虑患者为多系统受累;其血清IgG、IgE、γ-球蛋白水平显著升高,且存在低补体血症等血清学表现。上述表现均将诊断指向了一个新兴的疾病谱——IgG4相关性疾病。入院后,患者的血清学检查示,IgG4为2360 mg/dl,远高出正常值上限135 mg/dl。因此,患者IgG4相关性疾病的诊断基本明确。

  有学者总结了64例累及多器官的IgG4相关疾病(上图)的病例,提出了IgG4+多器官淋巴增殖综合征的概念。本病例亦符合IgG4+多器官淋巴增殖综合征的特点。

  治疗

  入院后,继续给予患者胰岛素、熊去氧胆酸及碳酸氢钠治疗。同时,还给予患者静脉滴注甲泼尼松40 mg/d,并联合环磷酰胺400 mg/2 w静滴。

  治疗1个月后,患者的肝肾功能均持续好转,ESR降至正常,激素应用逐渐减量后出院。

  5个月后随访,患者尿常规、ALP、GGT、ESR、CRP、RF均降至正常,肌酐为127 μmol/L(↑),IgG4明显下降[229 mg/dl(↑)],体重增加10公斤。

  ■ 链接

  不同的IgG4相关性疾病谱可有不同的临床表现:① 米库利兹病以双侧对称性唾液腺肿胀为主要表现,可伴眼干、口干及关节肿痛,常见于中老年男性,可与其他脏器病变同时存在,抗SSA及抗SSB抗体多为阴性;② AIP常出现于中老年男性,可表现为急性胰腺炎或慢性胰腺炎,影像学特征性表现为腊肠型胰腺肿大;③ 腹膜后纤维化则表现为腹膜后纤维组织增生,可导致腹腔内空腔脏器梗阻、腹主动脉周围炎等症状;④ 垂体炎主要表现为内分泌调节紊乱,影像学表现为垂体弥漫性肿大。         

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    2013-07-29 sodoo
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1679044, encodeId=b6a416e9044ba, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b1f18384ee2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰头占位#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83847, encryptionId=b1f18384ee2, topicName=胰头占位)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b2327728728, createdName=bbwznl, createdTime=Tue Jun 03 13:06:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1292934, encodeId=3db81292934d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=df626600877' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#淋巴结#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66008, encryptionId=df626600877, topicName=淋巴结)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6cc1239, createdName=sodoo, createdTime=Mon Jul 29 11:06:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1361494, encodeId=667f136149429, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=41828541441' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腮腺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85414, encryptionId=41828541441, topicName=腮腺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6411176, createdName=mfx799, createdTime=Mon Jul 29 11:06:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1422803, encodeId=4db814228035f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2361031e6fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#黄疸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=103176, encryptionId=b2361031e6fc, topicName=黄疸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=28ad3737144, createdName=楚秀娟, createdTime=Mon Jul 29 11:06:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1439458, encodeId=54df143945849, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8e3b6602554' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#淋巴结肿大#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66025, encryptionId=8e3b6602554, topicName=淋巴结肿大)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Mon Jul 29 11:06:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2013-07-29 mfx799
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    2013-07-29 楚秀娟
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