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Nature:德国学者用机器学习“癌症指纹”诊断脑瘤,人为误诊率 12%

2018-03-17 贺梨萍 澎湃新闻

3 月 15 日凌晨,德国癌症研究中心(DKFZ)的 Stefan Pfister 及其同事的一项最新成果在线发表在顶级学术期刊《自然》(Nature),该团队研发了一款特别针对脑肿瘤的诊断 AI 工具。

科学家越来越热衷于借助人工智能来诊断各种疾病,以此让医生从各种呆板机械的工作中解放出来、提高医疗效率。更重要的一点在于,AI 诊断的准确率似乎也在不断超越顶尖级的医生。

3 月 15 日凌晨,德国癌症研究中心(DKFZ)的 Stefan Pfister 及其同事的一项最新成果在线发表在顶级学术期刊《自然》(Nature),该团队研发了一款特别针对脑肿瘤的诊断 AI 工具。

对脑肿瘤治疗来说,正确诊断是提供治疗前的一项基础工作。目前已知的肿瘤有近 100 中类型,然而神经中枢系统的肿瘤是其中最难做到准确区分和诊断的。为解决这一难题,Pfister 及其同事利用 DNA 甲基化数据训练了一种机器学习方法,最终可以根据甲基化数据对脑肿瘤进行自动分类。

所谓的 DNA 甲基化,即在甲基化转移酶的帮助下,活性甲基转移至 DNA 链中特定碱基上的化学修饰过程,也被形象地称为给 DNA“戴帽子”。

这顶“帽子”在调控基因表达、维持染色质结构、基因印记、X 染色体失活以及胚胎发育等生物学过程中都会发挥重大作用。近年来也有研究表明,DNA 异常甲基化和肿瘤的发生、发展、细胞癌变有着密切的联系,甲基化因此也被称为癌症的“通用指纹”。

研究团队获取了大概 2800 名癌症患者的甲基化数据,他们的 AI 工具最终可以诊断出 91 种肿瘤类型。随后,他们将这套 AI 工具在 1104 个中枢神经系统肿瘤病例上进行了测试。这些病例此前已经被医生人为诊断出结果,医生当时的误诊率是 12%。

值得一提的是,除了诊断准确性得到提高,AI 更善于客观地诊断出一些新出现并罕见的肿瘤。这种情况下如果医生人为诊断,往往会受已知肿瘤类型的影响,即使症状属于非典型。

为了让更多人体验这款 AI 诊断工具,研究团队还创建了一个免费的在线工具,使用者上传数据后数分钟即得出分析。2016 年 12 月以来,这款在线工具已经被使用超过 4500 次,使用者也可以选择将数据分享出来以进一步优化系统算法。

研究团队认为,整合甲基化‘指纹’来进行脑肿瘤的自动分类,也为其他种类肿瘤提供了一种创建类似的肿瘤分类算法的思路。

原始出处:

David Capper, David T. W. Jones, Martin Sill, et al. DNA methylation-based classification of central nervous system tumours. Nature, 2018. doi:10.1038/nature26000.

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    2018-07-23 liye789132251
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    2018-11-27 gous
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    2018-03-19 jxrzshh
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