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BMJ:北大学者医改系列文章:卫生支出GDP占比从5%增至6.4%,自付费用降至30%以下

2019-06-25 xujing 文韬 中国循环杂志

近期,北京大学学者在BMJ发表系列文章,分析了我国卫生体制改革的成就和挑战。

近期,北京大学学者在BMJ发表系列文章,分析了我国卫生体制改革的成就和挑战。

2003年,45%的城市人口和79%的农村人口没有医疗保险,现金支付占卫生支出的50%以上。卫生筹资、医疗服务和公共卫生方面的困难使得医疗改革迫在眉睫。

2009年,我国政府发表了《关于深化卫生体制改革的意见》,承诺到2020年建立覆盖全民的、公平、负担得起、高效的卫生体制。

改革后,卫生总支出从2009年占国内生产总值(GDP)的5%增长到2017年占GDP的6.4%。应该住院而未住院的比例大幅下降。



图1 应该住院而未住院的患者比例

自付费用在2017年下降到卫生总支出的29%,预计到2030年将达到25%。

图2 个人自付医疗费用和在总费用中所占比例

基层医疗为所有公民提供基本的公共卫生服务。扩大的公共卫生一揽子计划旨在将健康教育、非传染性疾病和精神疾病结合起来,特别关注老年人和农村妇女的健康。

改革改变了公立医院和初级保健设施的融资模式。实行绩效工资制度,重新调整对初级保健医师的激励措施,将医师收入与处方药收入分开,以期鼓励更好的优质服务。

为了补偿药品销售带来的收入损失,政府增加了医疗服务费和公立医院补贴。

一项全国范围的分析显示,取消药品加成导致次均诊疗药品费用下降了6.5%,例均住院药品费用下降了9.5%,公立医院财政补贴从2018年的52亿元,增加到2017年的235亿元。

随着支付制度改革的实施,医院可支配收入年平均增长率从2018年到2012年的19.9%下降到2013年到2017年的11.7%。

为了规范处方,结合加强抗菌药物管理,防止滥用抗生素,制定了一份基本药物清单。因此,三级医院住院患者和门诊患者的抗生素处方率均下降。

卫生体制改革十分复杂,对中国等人口众多的中低收入国家尤其具有挑战性。虽然系统方法取得进步,推动了改革,但仍存在许多问题,中国卫生体制改革是一个复杂而长期的挑战。

比如,医院越来越在中国的医疗卫生体系中仍占据主导地位,提供差异明显的服务,也对患者造成了不断增长的经济负担。



图3 公立医院收入及增长速度

北京医药分开综合改革

2017年北京市常住人口为2170万,人均GDP为12.9万元,但北京市拥有116家三级医院,医疗资源拥有量超过中国其他城市2016年全市门急诊服务中63%来自公立医院,27.1%来自基层医疗机构,而全国的基层医疗机构提供的门诊服务占比为55.1%,2016年北京市三级医院的药占比为45.1%,高于全国的平均水平38.9%。

而北京市医药分开综合改革最重要的一个产出是促进了患者对门诊服务的合理利用,促使部分患者从三级医院下沉到基层医疗服务机构。

改革实施一年后三级医院门诊患者的数量下降了11.9%,而基层医疗服务机构的的门诊患者数量上升了15%,同一时期全国的三级医院门诊量上升了6.1%,基层医疗服务门诊量仅增加了1.4%。



图4 北京市基层医疗机构门诊量间断时间序列分析(2016-2017)

核磁共振和CT的价格下降,旨在减少公立医院对大型影像检查收入的依赖,但公立医院的逐利机制难以在短期内彻底扭转,医院可能会将药品的成本转移到其他的服务项目上。

评价发现改革后公立医院的核磁共振和CT的服务量大幅增加,三级医院核磁共振的使用量增加了35.7%,二级医院增加了41.7%,医院通过提高服务量来弥补由于价格调整带来的经济损失。



图5 门诊患者MRI使用率

一个高质量、高效率、运转良好的卫生系统是改善我国人口健康和转变为以健康为优先的国家发展模式的组成部分。

这一雄心体现在中国致力于实现2030年健康中国的承诺中,这是一份政治意愿声明,旨在优先考虑人口健康,并是对实现联合国可持续发展目标的承诺。

总之,自2009年卫生改革以来,经过十年的发展,中国在卫生领域不断面临挑战,需要进一步扩大卫生体制改革,满足人民日益增长的卫生期望。

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    2019-12-28 gaoxiaoe
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    2020-03-05 freve
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    2019-06-26 tidiq
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2046395, encodeId=3fa020463955a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27e336634aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#卫生支出#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36634, encryptionId=27e336634aa, topicName=卫生支出)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e94174, createdName=zhmscau, createdTime=Sat Dec 28 19:00:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1848774, encodeId=e0931848e7421, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Sat Dec 28 11:00:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1968146, encodeId=b3ba19681465b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=38c6e9084a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#GDP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7908, encryptionId=38c6e9084a, topicName=GDP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ced3193, createdName=freve, createdTime=Thu Mar 05 13:00:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1287100, encodeId=6173128e10052, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebac3442063' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医改#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34420, encryptionId=ebac3442063, topicName=医改)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b3e9205, createdName=tidiq, createdTime=Wed Jun 26 15:00:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1548329, encodeId=8e6c154832954, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e29a2536eb2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#付费#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=25367, encryptionId=e29a2536eb2, topicName=付费)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d71414069159, createdName=ms4657536712156177, createdTime=Wed Jun 26 15:00:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=368322, encodeId=27f336832264, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaAVWEsIJUkA1ITy3uL0lhHUhyaJibWgFtH4KbJuaLbY2WUK33jgCFyoZ8Eqx7eE7hCuZhytc1C5GRrfjVXN8lYg/0, createdBy=fcb82149579, createdName=183****7028, createdTime=Tue Jun 25 08:49:34 CST 2019, time=2019-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2046395, encodeId=3fa020463955a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27e336634aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#卫生支出#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36634, encryptionId=27e336634aa, topicName=卫生支出)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e94174, createdName=zhmscau, createdTime=Sat Dec 28 19:00:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1848774, encodeId=e0931848e7421, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Sat Dec 28 11:00:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1968146, encodeId=b3ba19681465b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=38c6e9084a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#GDP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7908, encryptionId=38c6e9084a, topicName=GDP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ced3193, createdName=freve, createdTime=Thu Mar 05 13:00:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1287100, encodeId=6173128e10052, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebac3442063' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医改#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34420, encryptionId=ebac3442063, topicName=医改)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b3e9205, createdName=tidiq, createdTime=Wed Jun 26 15:00:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1548329, encodeId=8e6c154832954, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e29a2536eb2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#付费#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=25367, encryptionId=e29a2536eb2, topicName=付费)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d71414069159, createdName=ms4657536712156177, createdTime=Wed Jun 26 15:00:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=368322, encodeId=27f336832264, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaAVWEsIJUkA1ITy3uL0lhHUhyaJibWgFtH4KbJuaLbY2WUK33jgCFyoZ8Eqx7eE7hCuZhytc1C5GRrfjVXN8lYg/0, createdBy=fcb82149579, createdName=183****7028, createdTime=Tue Jun 25 08:49:34 CST 2019, time=2019-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-06-25 183****7028

    学习

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