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Tech Orthop:胫骨髓内钉增加发生骨筋膜室综合症的危险

2014-06-25 cmt 丁香园

胫骨干骨折是最常见的长骨骨折之一,而且大部分都是由高能量创伤造成的。目前,急性胫骨闭合性骨折治疗的金标准是髓内钉,因为它可以减少软组织损伤、允许患者早期下床运动和骨折愈合率高。但是,胫骨髓内钉固定术后发生筋膜室综合症(compartment syndrome,CS)的病例并不少见,开放性骨折使用髓内钉时并发症更多。 另外,还有研究指出术中和术后发生骨筋膜室综合症的危险因素包括术中牵引、扩

胫骨干骨折是最常见的长骨骨折之一,而且大部分都是由高能量创伤造成的。目前,急性胫骨闭合性骨折治疗的金标准是髓内钉,因为它可以减少软组织损伤、允许患者早期下床运动和骨折愈合率高。但是,胫骨髓内钉固定术后发生筋膜室综合症(compartment syndrome,CS)的病例并不少见,开放性骨折使用髓内钉时并发症更多。

另外,还有研究指出术中和术后发生骨筋膜室综合症的危险因素包括术中牵引、扩髓腔和使用锁定螺钉。而外固定已经很少用于治疗胫骨闭合性骨折,但是仍可用于治疗严重创伤或骨质丢失,并可获得与髓内钉相同的疗效。

目前,还没研究比较髓内钉和外固定器治疗急性胫骨干闭合性骨折后发生骨筋膜室综合症的几率。因此,来自英国的Catalin M.Lupu医生等进行了该研究,研究结果表明延长手术时间或术中牵引都会增加术后发生骨筋膜室综合症的几率,文章最近发表在Techniques in Orthopaedics上。

该回顾性研究的对象分为外固定器治疗组(EF group)和髓内钉治疗组(IMN group)。前者纳入了2009年到2013年间该院23名经环形外固定器治疗急性胫骨闭合性骨折的患者。髓内钉治疗组则纳入了2007年到2012年间113名行髓内钉治疗的患者(患者的性别、受伤时年龄、AO分型等见表1)。

表1:患者的性别、受伤时年龄、AO分型

研究数据表明EF组没有患者术后发生骨筋膜室综合症,而IMN组有12名(10.6%)患者术后发生骨筋膜室综合症,需急诊行筋膜切开减压术。IMN组的平均手术时间为105分钟,而发生骨筋膜室综合症的患者的平均手术时间为135分钟,因此,手术时间越长,术后发生骨筋膜室综合症的几率越大。而髓内钉的尺寸以及其周围的空间大小在本研究中无统计学意义(见表2、3)。

表2:骨筋膜室综合症患者髓内钉周围的空间大小

表3:骨筋膜室综合症患者髓内钉的尺寸

另外,有70名患者术中使用了牵引,而其中的9名术后发生骨筋膜室综合症,通过配对卡方检验分析(McNemars test)得出术中牵引是术后发生骨筋膜室综合症的危险因素(见表4)。作者认为这主要与术中牵引可通过加压下肢后侧皮肤,从而像止血带一样阻断下肢动脉,导致下肢肌肉、神经发生缺血坏死。而半伸直位髓内钉固定术(semiextended nailing)则可可以很好地避免发生上述问题。

表4:术中牵引与发生骨筋膜室综合症的关系

总而言之,作者认为延长手术时间或术中牵引都会增加髓内钉固定术后发生骨筋膜室综合症的几率。因此,手术医生应警惕急性胫骨干闭合性骨折患者行髓内钉固定术后发生骨筋膜室综合症的可能。

原始出处:

Lupu, Catalin M. MD, PhD; Davis, Ben MB, ChB, MRCS, FRCS (Tr & Orth).Tibial Nailing Causes Compartment Syndrome Compared With External Fixation in Acute Closed Tibial Fractures.Techniques in Orthopaedics:June 2014 doi: 10.1097/BTO.0000000000000069

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    2014-08-13 shock_melon
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    2014-06-27 yb6561
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