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Stroke:活动性颅内动脉粥样硬化病的诊断和管理

2018-07-29 杨中华 脑血管病及重症文献导读

颅内动脉粥样硬化性疾病(ICAD)是缺血性卒中的主要病因,常见于亚洲人、黑人和西班牙种群。MCA最常受累,其次是基底动脉、颈内动脉和椎动脉。ICAD的危险因素包括年龄、高血压、高脂血症和糖尿病。ICAD的卒中机制包括远端灌注受损,斑块破裂导致远端栓塞或分支闭塞。

68岁,男性,既往高血压高脂血症病史。

因为眩晕和右侧肢体无力就诊。神经系统查体显示右侧轻度偏瘫。

脑MRI阴性,MRA显示右侧椎动脉颅内段不规则伴轻度狭窄(下图1A)。复查MRI显示左侧锥体卒中。出院后康复治疗,同时阿司匹林和高强度他汀治疗。

1年后,因短暂性视物扭曲和眩晕15min再次就诊。神经系统查体显示右侧轻度偏瘫。

脑MRI显示左侧小脑急性梗死(下图1B),头颈MRA显示右侧椎动脉颅内段动脉粥样硬化加重伴严重狭窄,左侧椎动脉颅内段闭塞(下图C)。



把阿司匹林更换为氯吡格雷,同时继续他汀治疗。出院2天后因为眩晕和平衡障碍30min再次入院。查体恢复到基线水平。

复查MRI显示双侧小脑新发小梗死,右侧枕叶小片状急性梗死(下图1D)。



头MRA和血管壁影像显示左侧椎动脉壁内强化,提示活动性动脉粥样硬化;MRI灌注(RAPID软件处理)显示局部Tmax延迟(4-6s),无任何区域Tmax>6s(图2A到2C),并且CBF和CBV正常。基底动脉TCD微栓子监测发现高强度短暂信号(high-intensity transient signals)(图2D)。





开始给予患者阿司匹林和氯吡格雷双抗治疗,持续6个月后改为单抗,同时给予高强度他汀治疗。随访2年,无再发。

讨论:

颅内动脉粥样硬化性疾病(ICAD)是缺血性卒中的主要病因,常见于亚洲人、黑人和西班牙种群。MCA最常受累,其次是基底动脉、颈内动脉和椎动脉。ICAD的危险因素包括年龄、高血压、高脂血症和糖尿病。ICAD的卒中机制包括远端灌注受损,斑块破裂导致远端栓塞或分支闭塞。

诊断和量化ICAD的影像学方法包括CTA、MRA、TCD和金标准DSA。DSA为有创手术,并且增加卒中风险,因此并不是必要的检查项目;一般喜欢选用非侵袭性的影像学技术。另外,MR血管壁影像可以识别血管壁的病因包括活动性动脉粥样硬化斑块,因为从组织学样本来看钆强化与纤维帽破裂有关,提示这意味着缺血事件风险增加。

ICAD与早期缺血性卒中复发有关。在WASID试验中,症状性ICAD患者卒中复发风险增加的原因包括严重狭窄(>70%)和不良侧枝(反映了末梢灌注状态)。在WASID试验中,1年时卒中复发或死亡的风险为25%,发病后前三十天最高(10.7%)。实际上,最近的证据提示症状性ICAD患者受损的末梢灌注增加复发性卒中的风险,即使采取最积极的内科治疗措施,特别是椎基底动脉系统。除了受损的远端灌注以外,TCD监测到高强度短暂信号(high-intensity transient signals)是活动性动脉粥样硬化斑块的另一个标志。正在进行的MYRIAD试验(Mechanisms of Early Recurrence in Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease) 探讨了何种发病机制的风险最高,并采用多模方案探讨了他们的交互作用。

抗栓、他汀和危险因素的干预是管理症状性ICAD的主要方法。常用的抗栓药物包括阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、阿司匹林联合双密达莫、替格瑞洛和西洛他唑。双抗治疗3个月后改为单联抗血小板药物能够降低早期复发的风险。在CLAIR研究中,纳入了为症状性颅内或颅外动脉粥样硬化的患者,分别给予阿司匹林和阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷(负荷量)治疗,他们发现双抗组2天和7天时TCD微栓子信号更低(vs 单联阿司匹林)。因此,可以考虑双联抗血小板治疗3个月后改为单联抗血小板药物,特别是活动性动脉粥样硬化斑块的患者。评价活动吗动脉粥样硬化的方法包括TCD高强度短暂信号阳性(positive high-intensity transient signals on)或血管壁影像显示斑块强化。然而,长期双抗治疗并不能降低复发性卒中的风险,反而增加出血的并发症。

截止到目前为止,没有证据支持ICAD患者应该采取血管内治疗。SAMMPRIS试验随机了合并颅内动脉严重狭窄(>70%)d 近期TIA或非致残性卒中患者,随机给予经皮腔内血管成形术和支架联合内科治疗或仅仅内科治疗。内科治疗包括双抗90天后改为单抗,强化血管危险因素干预(目标血压<140/90mmHg,糖尿病<130/80mmHg;LDL低于70mg/dl,以及生活方式改变包括戒烟、减肥和体育锻炼)。因为经皮腔内成形术和支架组较高的卒中和死亡风险,因此该试验被过早终止。这项研究的发现被VISSIT验证。有意思的是,SAMMPRIS试验内科治疗组的事件率低于以前队列研究的事件率,特别是WASID试验(30天威10.7%,1年为25%)。其主要原因可能和过去十年中先进的内科治疗措施有关,比如SAMMPRIS试验中包括抗栓基础上增加他汀、降血压和生活方式改变等。

该病例报道的局限性包括纳入患者的发病机制并不是血流动力学机制,因为内科治疗对这部分患者往往无效,而血管内治疗可能更加有效。进一步的研究需要探讨症状性ICAD和末梢灌注受损者采用血管内治疗的疗效。

重点:

1.从全球来看,颅内动脉粥样硬化性疾病是缺血性卒中的主要原因

2.颅内动脉粥样硬化与早期复发风险增加有关

3.血管壁影像、TCD微栓子监测和灌注影像等可以识别不同复发风险症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化患者

4.抗血小板药物,包括短期双抗、强化他汀和危险因素干预是治疗的主要方法

5.将来的临床试验应该探讨血管内治疗对颅内动脉粥样硬化和末梢灌注受损患者的疗效

原始出处:Narwal P1, Cutting S1, Prabhakaran S2, Yaghi S3. Diagnosis and Management of Active Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease: A Case Study. Stroke. 2018 Jun;49(6):e221-e223.

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    2018-08-01 liumin1987

    活动性颅内动脉粥样硬化,学习了。

    0

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    2018-07-29 神功盖世

    0

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